Chemistry Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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| Atoms are _______ when they are combined. |
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| More Stable |
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| The percentage ionic character and the type of bond in Br2 (electronegativity for Br is 2.8) is |
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| 0%; nonpolar covalent |
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| In which of these compounds is the bond between the atoms NOT a nonpolar covalent bond? -Cl2 -HCl -H2 -O2 |
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| HCl |
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| In a molecule of fluorine, the two shared eletrons give each fluorine atom _____ electron(s) in the outer energy level. |
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| 8 |
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| An octet is equal to |
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| 8 |
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| The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the |
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| simplest ratio of the combined ions that balances total charges. |
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| Carbon has _______ valence electrons. |
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| 4 |
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| Which atom below is an exception to the octet rule because it follows the duet rule? -oxygen -chlorine -nitrogen -hydrogen |
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| hydrogen |
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| The following molecules contain polar bonds. The only nonpolar molecule is: -HCl -H2O -CO2 -NH3 |
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| CO2 |
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| Name the compound Ni(ClO3)2 |
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| nickel chlorate |
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| Name the compound Zn3(PO4)2 |
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| Zinc Phosphate |
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| Which compound's name includes the Greek numerical prefixes di- and tri-? |
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| N2O3 |
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| What is the formula for nitrogen trifluoride? |
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| NF3 |
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| What is the formula for dinitrogen trioxide? |
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| N2O3 |
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| What is the oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds containing metals? |
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| -1 |
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| What is the oxidation number of magnesium in MgO? |
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| +2 |
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| What is the oxidation number of sulfur in H2SO4? |
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| +6 |
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| What is the oxidation number of oxygen in CO2? |
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| -2 |
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| name the compound N2O2 using the Stock system (Greek and Roman). |
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| nitrogen (II) oxide |
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| Which one of these elements can hold more than the octet rule calls for? -S -Be -H -Ne |
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| S |
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| Resonance is when a double bond |
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| has several places it could form |
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| The first step in drawing a Lewis dot structure is to |
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| sum the total number of valence electrons |
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| A 4.0g sample of iron was heated from 0*C to 20*C. It absorbed 35.2J of energy as heat. What is the specific heat of this piece of iron? |
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| 0.44J/g(*C) |
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| Find the specific heat of a material if a 6-g sample absorbs 50J when it is heated from 30*C to 50*C. |
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| 0.4 J/g(*C) |
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| A 5.0g sample of silver is heated from 0*C to 35*C and absorbs 42j of energy as heat. What is the specific heat of silver? |
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| 0.24 J/g(*C) |
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| Heat moves from hotter to colder in this type of transfer. |
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| all types of heat transfer from hot to cold. |
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| 344.4J of heat is added to 14 grams of a substance. The initial temperature of the substance was 30 Degrees Celsius. The tester recorded a temp. of 50 degrees C after the heat was added. What might the substance be? |
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| sodium |
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| It will take more heat to change which of the following to one degree C? -Water -Sea Water -ethanol -gasoline |
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| Water |
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| Spontaneity is the |
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| tendency to move from organized to chaotic with help from an outside source. |
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| If the specific heat of a substance is 2.0kJ/kg*C the substance is probably |
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| Gasoline |
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| What are on the right-hand side of the yield sign in an exothermic reaction? |
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| Products only |
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| What branch of chemistry studies reaction mechanisms? |
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| chemical kinetics. |
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| Which of the following affects reaction rate? -the nature of reactants -surface area reactants -temperature -all of the above |
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| All of the above |
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| Changing the temperature affects tje rate of reaction because it affects: |
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| the frequency of collision and the numver of effective collisions. |
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| The letter M as a unit can also mean: |
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| concentration |
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| If /(triangle)H is + the reaction is |
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| endothermic |
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| How much heat in J is released when 25g of water is cooled from 85 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius? the heat capacity of water is 4.18. |
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| 4702.5J |
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| What is the specific heat capacity of Iron? |
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| .44 at 25*C in J/g(*C) and .44 at room temp in J/g(*C) |
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| ESSAY: how does temperature differ from heat? |
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| (explain how temp. is movement of molecules and how heat is the speed of mass. |
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| Aqueous solutions of bases |
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| conduct electricity |
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| Which acid is used in batteries? |
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| sulfuric acid |
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| According to the traditional definition, an acid contains: |
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| hydrogen and ionizes to form hydrogen ions. |
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| Strong acids are |
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| strong electrolytes |
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| Which of the following is a strong base? -NH3 -aniline -NaOH -acetate ion |
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| NaOH |
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| Whose definition of acids and bases emphasizes the role of protons? |
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| Bronsted and Lowry |
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| In the reaction NH3 + H2O --> NH4^+ + OH^-, H2O is a: |
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| Bronsted-Lowry acid |
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| In a conjugat acid-base pair, the acid typically has |
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| one more proton than the base |
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| In the reaction HF + H2O --> H3O^+ + F^-, a conjugate acid-base pair is |
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| HF and F^- |
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| in the reaction CH3COOH + H2O --> H3O^+ = CH3COO^-, the conjugat base of H3O^+ is |
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| H2O |
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| Pure water contains |
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| water molecules, hydronium ions, and hydroxide ions. |
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| Which expression represents th pH of a solution? log[H3O^+] -log[H3O^+] log[OH^-] -log[OH^-] |
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| -log[H3O^+] |
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| The pH scale in general use ranges from |
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| 0 to 14 |
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| If [H3O^+] = 1.7*10^-3 M, what is the pH of the solution? |
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| 2.77 |
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| What is the hydronium ion concentration of a solution whose pH is 4.12? |
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| 7.6*10^-5 M |
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| What is the transition interval for bromthymol blue? |
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| pH 5.5 - 8.0 |
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| What process measures the amount of a solution of known concentration required to react with a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration? |
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| titration |
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| An acid-base titration is carried out by monitoring: |
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| pH |
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| In an acid-base titration, equivalent quantities of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions are present: |
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| at the midpoint. |
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| PROBLEM (TO WORK OUT): Find [H3O^+] for a soft drink whose pH is 3.20 |
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| answer should end up being: 6.31*10^-4 |
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| Knowledge about what products are produced in a chemical reaction is obtained by |
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| laboratory analysis |
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| In writing an equation that produces hydrogen gas, the correct representation of hydrogen gas is |
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| H2 |
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| To balance a chemical equation, it may be necessary to adjust the |
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| coefficients |
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| A chemical equation is balanced when the |
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| same number of each kind of atom appears in the reactants and in the products |
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| Which of the following is a formula equation for the formation of carbon dioxide from carbon and oxygen? -Carbon plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide -C + O2 --> CO2 -CO2 --> C + O2 -2C + O --> CO2 |
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| C + O2 --> CO2 |
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| For the formula equation 2Mg + O2 --> 2MgO, the word equation would begin |
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| Magnesium plus oxygen... |
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| The equation AX --> A + X is the general equation for a |
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| decomposition reaction |
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| In what kind of reaction does one element replace a similar element in a compound? |
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| single-replacement reaction |
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| The equation AX + BY --> AY + BX is the general equation for a |
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| double-replacement reaction |
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| The reaction Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) --> 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) is a(n) |
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| single-replacement reaction |
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| When heated, a metal carbonate decomposes into a metal oxide and |
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| carbon dioxide |
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| when a binary compound decomposes, what is produced? |
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| two elements |
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| In a double-replacement reaction, hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide react to produce sodium chloride. Another product is |
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| Water |
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| Active metals react with certain acids, such as hydrochloric acid, to yield a metal compound and |
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| hydrogen |
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| When potassium reacts with water, one product formed is |
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| hydrogen gas |
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| What is the balanced equation when aluminum reacts with copper(II) sulfate? |
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| 2Al + 3CuSO4 --> Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu |
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| Magnesium bromide + chlorine yield |
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| Mg(Cl)2 and Br2. |
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| Which reaction can be predicted from the activity series? -2Cl --> Cl2 -HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O -2HCl + 2Na --> 2NaCl + H2 -Cl2 --> 2Cl |
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| 2HCl + 2Na --> 2NaCl + H2 |
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| SHORT ANSWER: When a glass blower shapes molten glass into an ornament, does a chemical reation occur? explain. |
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| No, just change in shape, meaning it is only a physical reaction. |
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| A metal solution is a(n) |
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| alloy |
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| Which of the following is an electrolyte? -sodium chloride -sugar -water -glass |
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| sodium chloride |
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| Which of the following does NOT increase the rate of dissolving a solid in water? -raising the temperature -stirring -using larger pieces of solid -crushing the solid |
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| using larger pieces of solid |
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| The solubility of gases in liquids |
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| always increases with increasing pressure |
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| As temperature increases, solubility of gases in liquids |
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| decreases |
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| As temperature increases, solubility of solids in liquids |
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| always increases |
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| An NaOH solution contains 1.90 mol of NaOH, and its concentration is 0.555 M. What is its volume? |
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| 3.42 L. |
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| Which of the following is the right side of the equation for dissolving Al(NO3)3? -Al^+ + (NO3)3^- -Al^3+(aq) + 3NO3^-(aq) -Al^3+ + NO3^3- -Al^3-(aq) + 3NO3^+(aq) |
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| Al^3+(aq) + 3NO3^-(aq) |
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| Wat is the spectator ion in the equation Cu^2+(aq) + Zn^2+(aq) + 2S^2-(aq) --> CuS(s) + ZnS(s)? |
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| S^2-(aq) |
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| The formula for the hydronium ion is |
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| H3O^+ |
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| Dissolving HCl in water produces |
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| H^+ and Cl^- |
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| Which of the following is a hydrated proton? -a hydrogen ion -a hydronium ion -a water molecule -a hydrogen chloride molecule |
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| a hydrogen chloride molecule |
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| Which of the following is a strong electrolyte? -HC2H3O2 -HBr -HF -NH3 |
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| HBr |
