Chemistry 110 Final – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Scientific Method |
answer
| A way of understanding how the universe (things around us) operates |
question
| Key Steps in Scientific Method |
answer
| 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Theory 5. Law |
question
| Father of Modern Chemistry |
answer
| Antoine Lavoisier |
question
| Aristotle declared the existence of only four elements: |
answer
| Fire, water, air, Earth |
question
| Democritis |
answer
| Proclaimed the atom to be the simplest unit of matter |
question
| Advent of the Alchemist |
answer
| Attempted to transmute cheap metals to Gold |
question
| Heinrich Geissler |
answer
| Created first vacuum tube (1854) |
question
| Eugene Goldstein |
answer
| Discovered protons |
question
| JJ Thompson |
answer
| Discovered electrons |
question
| Wilhelm Roentgen |
answer
| Discovered x-rays |
question
| Marie Curie |
answer
| Discovered uranium and thorium |
question
| James Chadwick |
answer
| Discovered the Neutron |
question
| Classification of Matter |
answer
| Any substance that has mass and takes up space. |
question
| Mixture |
answer
| Variable composition, ie: tea w/ sugar |
question
| Homogenous Mixture |
answer
| Uniform composition, ie: buttery spread, salt water, butter milk, windex |
question
| Heterogenous Mixture |
answer
| Non-uniform or uneven composition, ie: salad dressing, wet sand, orange juice w/ pulp, peanut butter |
question
| Pure Substance |
answer
| Fixed composition, ie: Diamond, water (H2O), helium, sodium chloride |
question
| Element (Pure Substance) |
answer
| One type of atom present, ie: Diamond (Carbon only), Helium, Hydrogen |
question
| Compound (Pure Substance) |
answer
| Combination of elements, ie; Dry Ice, Water (H,O), Salt (Sodium, Chlorine) |
question
| Solid (State of matter) |
answer
| -Definite shape -can not flow -atoms are closely packed -cannot be compressed ie: pen, marbles, book |
question
| Liquid (State of matter) |
answer
| -indefinite shape -can flow -atoms are loosely packed -cannot compress ie: soda, water, juice |
question
| Gas (State of matter) |
answer
| -indefinite shape -can flow -atoms are very loosely packed, far apart -can compress ie: oxygen, nitrogen, helium |
question
| Mass |
answer
| Measure of the amount of matter present in an object English system-pounds, ounces, cups, tons Metric system- grams, kilograms, milligrams, nanogram |
question
| SI Units |
answer
| Mass-Kilograms Temperature- Kelvin Volume- m3 Length- Meters |
question
| Energy |
answer
| Ability to do work. Two types, Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy |
question
| Potential Energy |
answer
| Energy @ rest. Can be stored through a body's location or position and through a substances composition. ie: Nuclear energy, Chemical energy |
question
| Kinetic Energy |
answer
| Movement or motion, ie: Heat energy, electrical energy, hydro electricity |
question
| Calorie |
answer
| Amount of energy hat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celcius |
question
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
answer
| Energy in= Energy out+ Energy stored (as fat) |
question
| Specific Dynamic Action |
answer
| Energy spent extracting energy from food to make it available for use |
question
| Basal Metabolism |
answer
| Energy that is spent to keep us alive without any food physical activity |
question
| Metabolism |
answer
| Chemical reactions that occur in our body (Digesting food and producing energy) |
question
| Combustion |
answer
| Chemical reaction by which energy is produced |
question
| Resting Metabolism |
answer
| Energy spent to make it available for our use. That is spent to keep us alive with no food for us to twelve hours. |
question
| 3 ways we spend energy from our body |
answer
| Exercise Metabolism Specific Dynamic |
question
| Energy in Macronutrients |
answer
| Carbohydrates (4 cal/g), Fats & Oils (9 cal/g), Protein (4 cal/g). These macronutrients are transformed into human energy |
question
| Atoms |
answer
| Tiny particles that make up all matter |
question
| Composition of an Atom |
answer
| Protons+Neutrons= inside the nucleus, Electrons= outside the nucleus |
question
| Elements |
answer
| Cells of every creature are made up of atoms of different elements. |
question
| Atomic Number |
answer
| The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Top number in square |
question
| Mass Number |
answer
| Bottom number |
question
| Number of Protons and Electrons |
answer
| Protons and Electrons are the same number as the atomic number (top number) |
question
| Number of Neutrons |
answer
| Subtract number of protons (top number) from atomic mass (bottom number) |
question
| Electrons |
answer
| Negative Charge |
question
| Protons |
answer
| Positive Charge |
question
| Neutron |
answer
| No charge |
question
| Ions |
answer
| Elements in a compound that are electrically charged |
question
| Cations |
answer
| Ions with a positive charge. More protons than electrons. Formed by losing electrons. |
question
| Anions |
answer
| Ions with a negative charge, more electrons than protons. Formed by gaining electrons. |
question
| Acids |
answer
| Sour in taste, begin in H. ie: H3PO4 0-7 (closer to 0= more acidic) Common Acids: Citric Acid (lemons) Acetic Acid (vinegar) Phosphoric acid (preservative in soda) Lactic acid (in milk) Sulfuric acid (car battery) Nitric Acid (turns skin yellow) |
question
| Bases |
answer
| bitter in taste & slippery to touch, end in OH ie: Ca(OH)2 7-14=Basic (closer to 7=more basic) Common bases: Pepto Bismol, Ammonia, Alka Seltzer, Baking Soda |
question
| Litmus Test |
answer
| Blue litmus-->Red= Acidic Red Litmus-->Blue=Basic |
question
| Chemical Compounds |
answer
| A distinct substance that is composed of atoms of two or more elements Simplest unit=molecule or ion |
question
| Molecular Compounds |
answer
| Two or more non metals present. Covalent Bond present. ie: HCL |
question
| Ionic Compounds |
answer
| Metals and Nonmetals. Ionic bond present ie: NaCL |
question
| Solution |
answer
| Made of of a solute (lesser) and solvent (greater) |
question
| Solvent |
answer
| Present in the higher amount |
question
| Solute |
answer
| Present in the lesser amount |
question
| Solubility |
answer
| Amount of substance in grams that can be dissolved in the given amount of solvent. (increases with temp.) |
question
| Dilute |
answer
| Less amount of solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent |
question
| Concentrated |
answer
| More of the solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent |
question
| Saturated |
answer
| Maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in solvent |
question
| Unsaturated |
answer
| Less than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. |
question
| Supersaturated |
answer
| More than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. Starts to precipitate |
question
| Organic Chemistry |
answer
| Study of Carbon compounds |
question
| Paraffins |
answer
| Carbon & hydrogen bond is single bond. |
question
| Olleffins |
answer
| Bonding is double or tribal between carbon and hydrogen |
question
| Paraffins/Alkanes **Remember a's** |
answer
| Single bond, CnH2n+2 CH4-->Methane C2H6-->Ethane C3H8--> Propane C4H10--> Butane C5H12--> Pentane |
question
| Olefins/Alkens **remember E's** |
answer
| Double bond, CnH2n C2H4--> Ethylene C3H6--> Propene C4H8--> Butene C5H10-->Pentene |
question
| Oleffins/Alkynes **remember y's** |
answer
| Triple bond, CnH2n-z C2H2--> Ethyne C3H4--> Propyne C4H6--> Butyne C4H8--> Pentyne |
question
| Aromatic Compounds |
answer
| has presence of atlas one benzene ring |
question
| Functional Groups |
answer
| Groups of atoms that impact special properties to the component. |
question
| C2H5OH *Functional Group* |
answer
| Alcohol Group |
question
| C2H5CHO *Functional Group |
answer
| Aldenhyde Group |
question
| C2H5CoOH *Functional Group |
answer
| Carboxylic Acid Group |
question
| C2H5NH2 |
answer
| Amino Group |
question
| C2H5CoOc2H5 |
answer
| Ester Group |
question
| C2H5COCH3 |
answer
| Keto Group |
question
| C2H5OCH3 |
answer
| Ether Group |
question
| Synthesis (or) Combination Reaction *Chemical Reaction |
answer
| A+B+C---> D More than one reactant--> only one product |
question
| Decomposition Reaction *Chemical Reactions |
answer
| A--> B+C, only one reactant more than one product |
question
| Single Displacement *Chemical Reaction |
answer
| A+BC-->AC+B |
question
| Double Displacement *Chemical Reaction |
answer
| AB+CD-->AD+CB |
question
| Combustion *Chemical Reaction |
answer
| Reactant: O2 Product Side: CO2+H2O |
question
| Acid Base *Chemical Reaction |
answer
| Acids always begin with H Base always ends in OH |
question
| Carbohydrates |
answer
| Provide us energy--> 4cal/1g of carbs -composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a CH2O proportion. For each carbon and oxygen there are two hydrogen atoms Broken down into 2 kinds of sugars: simple & complex examples: fruits, vegetables, bread, oats, rice |
question
| Simple Sugars |
answer
| Monosaccharides (mono-1)(C6H12O3) ie: glucose-in your blood, fruits, honey fructose- present in plants, fruits, honey |
question
| Complex Sugars |
answer
| Disaccharides (di-2) ie: sucrose--table sugar (made up of 2 glucose units) Polysaccharides (poly-many) ie: Starch- long tern energy stored in plants (corn, potatoes) Glycogen- long term energy stored in animals Cellulose- Plants, cells |
question
| Cholesterol |
answer
| Present only in animal cells. Levels LDL (bad), HDL (good) Total Cholesterol: Desirable 200-239--> Borderline >240--> High |
question
| LDL |
answer
| Low Density Lipoprotein (BAD!) <100= optimum 100-129= near optimum 130-159= borderline high >160= very high |
question
| HDL |
answer
| High Density Lipoprotein (Good!) >60= Optimum <40= Men <50= Women |
question
| Triglyceride |
answer
| Comes from the fats and oils we consume <150= normal 150-199= Borderline >200= High |
question
| Proteins |
answer
| Found in nails & skin. Contains amino acids and are present in every cell in body. Excess proteins cannot be stored in body. |
question
| Complimentary Protein |
answer
| Found in beans & rice, peanut butter sandwich, macaroni and cheese. |
question
| Protein breakdown |
answer
| Proteins break down into polypeptides-> peptides-> amino acids-> glucose (so your body can store) |
question
| Oils |
answer
| Liquids @ room temperature double bond=saturated compound only one double bond=monosaturated more than one bond= polysaturated |
question
| Fats |
answer
| Solids @ room temperature Fats are completely saturated... ie: redmeat, eggyolk |
question
| Adipose Tissue |
answer
| Give our body energy without food present |
question
| Essential Amino Acids |
answer
| Cannot be synthesized by our body, supplemented by food intake ie: Lysine, Valine, Histidine |
question
| Non-essential Amino Acids |
answer
| Can be synthesized by our body ie: Glycine, Proline, Serine |
question
| Minerals |
answer
| Good for the body, only obtained from food, they are not made in our body. |
question
| Examples of minerals |
answer
| Calcium--> present in bones Fluorine--> tooth enamel Iron--> Red Blood Cells Zinc--> Need for general health Copper--> Deficiency can lead to change in hair color (anemia) |
question
| Vitamins |
answer
| Found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and develop 2 main categories: 1. Water Soluble: B Complex, C 2. Fat Soluble: A, D, E, K |
question
| Vitamin A (Fat Soluble) |
answer
| -Very important for good vision -Deficiency leads to night blindness Food Sources: Carrots, grapefruit, pumpkin |
question
| Vitamin D (Fat soluble) |
answer
| -Needed for good bone formation and proper functioning of the immune system -Deficiency leads to Rickets (weakening of bones) Food Sources: Sweet potato, oily fish, cereals |
question
| Vitamin E (fat soluble) |
answer
| Good for skin, slows aging process, helps in reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) Food Sources: Sunflower seeds, tomato, walnuts |
question
| Vitamin K (fat soluble) |
answer
| -Helpful in blood clotting, prevents hemorrhage and bruising -destroyed by antibiotics Sources: Banana, eggs, yogurt |
question
| Vitamin C (Complex) |
answer
| Good for immune system, general well being, helps in absorption of iron Food Sources: Lime, Lemon, Orange |
question
| Vitamin B-1 (Complex) |
answer
| Thiamine -Plays a major role in energy metabolism of cells -Plays role in nervous system -Deficiency results in "Beri Beri" which is the weakening of bones, stiffening of legs Food Sources: Brown rice, unpolished wheat, cereal, nuts |
question
| Vitamin B-6 (Complex) |
answer
| -Helps in conversion of tryptophan to niacin (converts 1 kind of amino acid which cell has abundance, to another which is deficient in the cell.) -helps in regulation of blood glucose Food Sources: Banana, salmon, fortified cereals, turkey, chicken |
question
| Vitamin B-12 (Complex) |
answer
| -Also called "cobalamin" -Present only in animal sources -Needed for good functioning of immune and nervous system -Deficiency= anemia Food Sources: Clams, muscles, salmon, crab, beef, milk, eggs, cheese |
question
| Perfumes |
answer
| -Branding, quality, easiness to manufacturer determines price -made up of aeromatic compounds & essentials |
question
| Single Floral (perfume family) |
answer
| One flower |
question
| Floral Bouquet (perfume family) |
answer
| Mix of flowers |
question
| Ambery (perfume family) |
answer
| Scent of vanilla, wood (tree bark), cinnamon |
question
| Woody (perfume family) |
answer
| sandal wood |
question
| Fougere- French Fern (perfume family) |
answer
| Contains lavender, coumarin, and oakness |
question
| Perfume Categories |
answer
| 1. Perfume extracts: 20%-40% aeromatic compound 2. Eau de Perfum: 10%-30% aeromatic compound 3. Eau de Toilette; 5%-20% aeromatic compound 4. Eau de Cologne: 2%-5% aeromatic compound |
question
| Evidence of Chemical Reactions |
answer
| Color change, odor, energy changes (becomes very hot or cold), formation of gas (bubbles), formation of solid (precipitation). |
question
| What are the different layers that make up the atmosphere? |
answer
| Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere |
question
| Disaccharides |
answer
| -is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by a reaction known as a dehydration, or condensation, synthesis. In this type of reaction water is removed, thus the name "dehydration". A new molecule is formed or "synthesized" from the two previously separate ones. -common example is sucrose or table sugar which is present in sugar cane, syrup, and some fruits |
question
| Polysaccharides |
answer
| -are made of many sugar molecules joined together by dehydration synthesis reactions. When many repeating units are joined together to make a large molecule, the resulting molecule is called a polymer. -starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin are all examples and are made of many repeating units of glucose molecules. |
question
| Glycemic Index |
answer
| -is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels. Foods Low in GI: most fruit and vegetables (except potatoes, watermelon), grainy breads, pasta Foods High in GI: corn flakes, baked potato, watermelon, white bread, candy |
