Chapter 9 Vocabulary AP Human Geography – Flashcards
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Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
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Commodity Chain
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The geographical situation in which something occurs; the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently.
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Context
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A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent of which regions can develop.
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Dependancy Theory
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The encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desiccation - through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animals, and, possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in the Earth's environmental zones.
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Desertification
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Countries that have a high level of development according to some criteria. Which criteria, and which countries are classified as being developed, is a contentious issue and is surrounded by fierce debate. Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions. One such criterion is income per capita; countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would thus be described as developed countries. Another economic criterion is industrialization; countries in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate would thus be described as developed.
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Developed country
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A nation with a low level of material well being.
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Developing country
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A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
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Development
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adopting the US dollar as the currency of choice in a foreign country. Many countries today are already dollarized unofficially.
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Dollarization
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are special areas created by some "Third World" governments to attract foreign investment in industry. In general, components area imported for assembly and export.
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Export Processing Zones
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when products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDCs.
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Fair Trade
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Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
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Foreign Direct Investment
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Official economy, as recognised by the government and based on paid employment. Work recorded in official statistics.
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Formal Economy
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a measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
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An index made by the U.N. which compares the level of development of a woman with that of a man.
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Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
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The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year).
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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The total value of currently produced final goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time, usually a year.
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Gross National Income (GNI)
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The total dollar value of all goods and services produced for consumption in a country during a particular time period.
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Gross National Product (GNP)
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Created by the UN, it recognizes the country's development level by the function of three factors, economic, social, and demographic.
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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The economy common in shanty towns; places that are not taxed by the government.
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Informal Economy
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the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful.
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Island Development
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A country in an earlier stage of development.
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Less Developed Country (LDC)
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The proportion of the population over age 15 that can read and write.
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Literacy Rate
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An infectious blood disease caused by protozoan parasites that can be transmitted by the sting of the Anopheles mosquito or by a contaminated needle or transfusion.
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Malaria
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A factory in Mexico run by a foreign country and exporting it's products to the country of that company.
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Maquiladoras
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A very small loan given to impoverished people to help them become self employed.
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Microcredit Program
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Beginning with German and French sociologists of the late 19th century, these have been developed to show the sequence of transitions from traditional to modern societies, and postmodern societies.
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Modernization Model
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A country that has progressed further along the development continuum. Also known as a relatively developed country or developed country.
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More Developed Country (MDC)
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a term used by post-colonial critics of developed countries' involvement in the developing world.
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Noe-Colonialism
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Usually a non profit, voluntary, service-oriented/development oriented organization, that either benefits the members or of other members of the population.
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Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
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The total value produced by a country plus its income from other countries.
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Per Capita GNI
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Changing natural resources into primary products.
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Primary Sector
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Measure of output from a production process, per unit of input.
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Productivity
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a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
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Relatively Developed Country
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The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
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Secondary Sector
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It is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than the county's typical or national laws.
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Special Economic Zones
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intended to reduce the current account debt of a debtor nation, as opposed to financing a new project. They do this by allowing the debtor nation to reschedule principal payments to a later date.
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Structural Adjustment Loans
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Economic polices imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade.
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Structural Adjustment Program
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The theory that people should not have individual freedom and choice, but be controlled by different structures.
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Structuralist Theory
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is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector(approximately the same as manufacturing) and the primary sector.
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Tertiary Sector
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is a client-server architecture in which the presentation, the application processing, and the data management are logically separate processes.
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Three-Tier Structure
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The transportation of illegal materials or objects across political boundaries to support a market.
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Trafficking
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A corporation that is invested in multiple nations.
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Transnational Corporation
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The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw material and energy.
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Value Added
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A disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host.
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Vectored diseases
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Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
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World-Systems Theory
