Chapter 5: The Ingumentary System – Flashcards
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How does the Integumentary System aid the immune system? Is it by acting as A) an antibody or B) a physical barrier?
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B) a physical barrier. Skin keeps microorganisms from infecting your body.
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How does the number of melanocytes differ in people with different skin tones? Is it A) roughly the same or B) more in people with darker skin?
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A) roughly the same. It is the production of melanin that drives color, not the number of melanocytes.
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How long does it take for new skin cells to reach the surface of the body? Is it A) two days or B) one month?
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B) one month. It takes about four weeks for the cells to travel from the stratum germanitivum to the stratum corneum.
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What is the layer of epidermal cells that gives rise to "thick skin?" Is it A) Stratum corneum or B) Stratum lucidum?
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B) vitamin D. The lack of vitamin D synthesis causes bones to weaken.
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A deficiency in what compound generally leads to broken bones? Is it A) Vitamin A or B) vitamin D?
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B) vitamin D. The lack of vitamin D synthesis causes bones to weaken
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Variations in hair color are a result of differences in concentrations of A) melanin or B) carotene?
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A) melanin. Hair coloration is derived from melanin pigments.
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What is the area of the hair that houses the live cells? Is it A) the hair matrix or B) the hair shaft?
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A) the hair matrix. The only portion of the hair with live cells is the hair matrix
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The product of suderiferous glands contains how much water? Is it A) 99% water or B) 1% water?
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A) 99% water. Suderiferous glands are sweat glands and the product is 99% water and 1% salts and electrolytes.
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True or False? The innermost layer of the dermis is the stratum spinosum
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False
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True or False? The innermost layer of the dermis is the stratum spinosum
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True
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True or False? Keratin is first produced in the stratum granulosum.
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True
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Which skin layer contains oil and sweat glands, hair, nerves, and blood vessels? Is it A) the reticular layer or B) the papillary layer?
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B) the papillary layer
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What type of gland produces sebum? Is it A) the suderiferous gland or B) the sebaceous gland?
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B) the sebaceous gland.
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Ceruminous glands produce what secretion? Is it A) earwax or B) oil?
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A) earwax
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When are mammary glands active?
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During lactation
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Besides merocrine, what is the other type of sweat gland called?
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Apocrine.
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Which epidermal cell produces a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective qualites?
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Keratinocytes
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Which epidermal cell is responsible for skin pigmentation?
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Melanocytes
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Which epidermal cell is a sensory receptor for touch
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Merkel Cells
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Which epidermal cell present antigens to killer T lymphocytes.
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Langerhans' Cells
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The skin strata that has a single row of cells composed of keratinocyte stem cells, melanocytes and Merkel cells.
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Stratum basale
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The skin strata that has several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and Langerhans' cells.
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Stratum spinosum
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The skin strata that has three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes processing filaments and keratohyaline and lamellated granules.
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Stratum granulosum
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The skin strata that has a thin, translucent band consisting of a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes.
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Stratum Lucidum
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The skin strata that has many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost layer of skin)
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Stratum Corneum
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Epidermis
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Adipose connective tissue
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Hypodermis
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Areolar connective tissue
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Papillary layer of dermis
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Reticular layer of dermis
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How does the skin provide protection?
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Provides a chemical barrier and a mechanical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"
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How does the skin regulate body temperature?
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Dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface
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What are some of the skins metabolic functions?
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Synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones
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How does the skin have cutaneous sensation?
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Activation of numerous receptors that are part of the nervous system
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How is the skin a blood reservoir?
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Potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels
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What is the associated skin color of hemoglobin?
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Red
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What is the associated skin color of carotene?
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Yellow to orange
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What is the associated skin color of cyanosis?
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Blue
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What is the associated skin color of melanin?
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Ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to black
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The portion of the hair that is embedded in the skin
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root
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Superficial covering of a hair consisting of a single layer of cells that overlap one another
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cuticle
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Region of a hair that projects above the skin surface
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shaft
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The central core of a hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces
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medulla
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The intermediate layer of a hair composed of several layers of flattened cells
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coetex
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Actively dividing cellular area of the bulb that produces the hair
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hair matrix
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Superficial wall of the hair follicle which is derived from the dermis
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connective tissue root sheath
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The expanded, deep region of a hair follicle
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hair bulb
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A knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of a hair follicle
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root hair plexus
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Bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps
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arrector pili
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Which gland is found all over the body except the palms and soles?
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Sebaceous glands
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Which gland is the most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead.
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Eccrine Sudoriferous
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Which gland is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions?
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Apocrine sudoriferous glands
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Which gland is found in the line of the external ear canal.
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Ceruminous glands
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Which gland is found in the pectoral region?
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Mammary glands
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Which gland secretes oil?
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sebaceous gland
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Which gland secretes sweat?
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Eccrine Sudoriferous Gland
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Which gland secretes components of sweat plus fatty substances and proteins?
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Apocrine Sudoriferous Gland
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Which gland secretes components of earwax?
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Ceruminous gland
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Which gland secretes milk?
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mammary gland
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Which nail structure is the visible, attached part of the nail?
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body
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Which nail structure is the epidermis on which the nail rests?
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nail body
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Which nail structure is the proximal region of the nail, embedded in the skin
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root
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Which nail structure is the distal edge of the nail?
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free edge
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Which nail structure is the fast growing part of the nail?
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nail matrix
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Which nail structure is the white, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region?
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lunula
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Which type of burn causes Damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain
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first degree burn
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Which type of burn causes Injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters
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second degree burn
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Which type of burn causes
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third degree burn
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What type of skin cancer is Least malignant form of skin cancer in which the stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis, causing tissue destruction
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basal cell carcinoma
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What kind of skin cancer Arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum with lesions appearing as scaly, irregular, reddened small, rounded elevations that tend to grow rapidly and metastasize if NOT removed
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What kind of skin cancer is The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels
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melanoma
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What is the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma?
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Asymmetry: The two halves of a spot or a mole do NOT match Border irregularity: Pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations Color:Inconsistent pigmentation Diameter: Larger than 6 mm Elevation: Rises above the skin surface
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A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches
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Alopecia Areata
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Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious
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Impetigo
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Large, unsightly mass of scar tissue at the skin surface produced by excessive and prolonged proliferation of connective tissue during the healing of skin wounds
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Keloid
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Chronic inflammatory condition, resulting from an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales
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Psoriasis
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Causes yellowing of skin, especially in palms and soles from accumulation in stratum corneum when consumed in large amounts
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too much carotene
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Increased production of melanin due to increased exposure to the sun
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tanning
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Yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood
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jaundice
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Possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders
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cyanosis
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Fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, allergy
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redness or erythema
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Fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure
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pallor or blanching
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Liver disorder
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jaundice
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Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex
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bronzing
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Blood clots beneath the skin
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black and blue marks or bruises
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Secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes and lactic acid)
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eccrine sweat glands
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Contains same secretions as true sweat, plus fatty substances and proteins. When these organic molecules decompose by bacterial action there is an associated unpleasant odor
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apocrine sweat glands
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Modified apocrine glands that secrete earwax
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ceruminous glands
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Modified sweat glands that secrete milk
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mammary glands
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Holocrine glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum to lubricate skin and hair
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sebaceous glands
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What hair color has Maximum production of melanin
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black hair
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What hair color has No production of melanin; no iron-containing pigment
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blonde hair
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What hair color has Absence of melanin; presence of iron-containing pigment
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red hair
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What hair color has Replacement of melanin with air bubbles in the hair shaft as melanin production decreases
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white hair
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When is there Presence of vernix caseosa produced by sebaceous glands
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newborn baby
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When is there Skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited
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infancy and childhood
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When does the Skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated; dermatitis becomes more common
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adolescence
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When does the Epidermal cell replacement declines; skin thins; sebaceous gland activity diminishes
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old age
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Body hair of children and adult females
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vellus hair
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Coarser, long, darker hairs
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terminal hairs
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loss of hair
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alopecia
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genetically predetermined balding
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male pattern baldness
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Phagocytes in the skin
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Langerhans
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The source of new cells
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Germanitivum
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This is the skin layer that gets exfoiliated
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epidermis
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this is where your tan comes from
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melanin
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skin tone layer
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dermis
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another name for epidermal cells
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keratinocytes
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the thick skin layer
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lucidum
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you get needles in this layer
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hypodermis
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this makes your skin waterproof
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keratin
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some mitotic capability, helps replace the epidermis
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spinosum
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touch sensation
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merkel
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where keratin is first produced
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granulosum
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layer where all the blood vessels are
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papillary
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you use Q-tips on these
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ceruminous
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another name for merocrine
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eccrine
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this anchors your skin to your organs below
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reticular
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orange
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carotene
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makes you blush
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hemoglobin
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glands that give you sweaty palms
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sweat
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you have 2000 of these
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apocrine
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this is a dead layer
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corneum
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glands that make you stinky
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suderiferous
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merely the product is produced from these glands
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merocrine
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bitable material
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nail
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men have it, women generally don't
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alopecia
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hairs
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pili
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peach fuzz
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vellus
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eyebrows are this kind of hair
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terminal
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push it back, push it back, way back
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eponychium
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lubricating substance
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sebum
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the cancer caused by melanocytes
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melanoma
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oily glands
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sebaceous
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push it back, push it back, way way back
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cuticle
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these are important to babies
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mammary
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the end you bite off
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hyponychium
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The correct order of the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial is:
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stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
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What is the function of the tactile cells?
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Sensory detection
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What is the function of the hypodermis?
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Skin anchoring
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What is the function of melanin?
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Protection from UV radiation
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What is the function of langerhans cells?
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Activate the immune system
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What is the function of keratinocytes?
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Make a fibrous protein for skin protection
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Keratin protects the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. True or False.
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False, Keratin is found in hair and nails and melanin protects the skin from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
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The role of ceruminous glands is to:
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Produce earwax.
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If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they most likely develop?
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They would be more prone to water loss when exposed to low humidity. Sebum serves as a lubricant, an antibacterial agent, and a protection against water loss when humidity is low.
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The role of the sebaceous glands is to:
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make sebum
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The role of the sudoriferous glands is to:
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make sweat
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The role of the keratinocytes is to:
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make keratin
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Apocrine glands:
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are not functional until puberty. Both apocrine and eccrine glands use exocytosis to make their secretions. Eccrine glands function throughout life while apocrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty. Apocrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than eccrine glands, apocrine sweat glands have secretions that are enriched with fats and proteins.
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For humans, food is the only source of vitamin D. True or False
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False, you can also get Vitamin D from sunlight.
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The region deep to the skin is the:
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hypodermis
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If dermal papillae were missing then:
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friction ridges would be absent. Peglike projections called dermal papillae are made by the papillary layer of the dermis. These projections indent the epidermis to form friction ridges.
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One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that:
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in thin skin the stratum lucidum appears to be absent.
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The sebaceous glands secrete:
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Sebum
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The mammary glands secrete:
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Milk
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The sudoriferous glands secrete:
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Sweat
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The ceruminous glands secrete:
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Cerumen
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Keratin is found in hair and nails. True or False.
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True. The primary component of hair and nails is hard keratin.
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Hirsutism is a condition that is characterized by:
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excessive hairiness. Hirsutism is a condition resulting in excessive hair growth. This is usually a result of excessive androgen production in women.
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Follicles that give rise to eyelashes remain active longer than follicles of the scalp. True or False.
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False. The follicles of the scalp remain active for up to ten years while those of the eyebrow are only active for up to 4 months. Because of this difference in follicle activity, the hair on your head can grow longer than the hair of your eyelashes.
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How does skin regulate body temperature?
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Skin acts as a chemical, physical and biological barrier. Defensins, cathelicidins, sebum, salt, and an acidic pH limit bacterial growth on the skin. Also, skin acts as a means to regulate body temperature.
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Melanoma is particularly dangerous because:
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it readily metastasizes.
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What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning?
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A spot with varying colors and irregular borders.
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A sunburn is generally classified as being:
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a first-degree burn.
