question

organs that make up the integumentary system

answer

skin, nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, specialized nerve endings

question

SKIN

answer

one of the largest organs in the body, is .5mm to 4.0 mm thick

question

epidermis

answer

superficial region of skin

question

dermis

answer

middle region of skin

question

hypodermis

answer

superficial fascia- deepest region

question

Epidermis

answer

epithelial tissue that attaches to dermis- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. HAS NO BLOOD VESSELS (AVASCULAR)

question

cells of epidermis

answer

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells merkel cells (tactile cells)

question

keratinocytes

answer

produce fibrous proteins, 90% of cells, connected by desmosomes, produced in stratum basale and pushed to surface, dead when they reach the surface 25-45 days from production to sloughing off FUNCTION: protective barrier

question

melanocytes

answer

10-25% of cells in lower epidermis,produce brown-black pigment called melanin, melanin is accumlated in membrane bound granules called melanosomes and transferred to nearby keratinocytes

question

merkel cells

answer

touch receptors, only present in stratum basale, form a merkel disc for sensation of light touch

question

everyone has the same number of melanocytes

answer

true

question

langerhans cells

answer

immune system cells which detect and present antigens to other immune system cells, macrophages that ingestantigens and activate immune system

question

5 layers of epidermis

answer

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

question

most superficial layer, 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membrane sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

answer

stratum corneum

question

three to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating, cytoplasm full of lamellated granules that release lipids and keratohyline granules

answer

stratum granulosum

question

several layers of keratinocytes unified by desomoes, cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

answer

stratum spinosum

question

deepest epidermal layer, one row of actively mitotic stem cells, some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

answer

stratum basale

question

thick skin- bottoms of toes, soles, palms fingertips

answer

5 layers of skin

question

stratum basale

answer

anchored to basement membrane, consists of single layer of mostly stem cells undergoing mitosis to become keratinocytes, a few melanocytes that create skin pigment and occasionally merkel cells

question

Stratum Spinosum (prickly layer)

answer

7-10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes with a few langerhans cells and some melanin granules

question

stratum granulosum

answer

thin consists of 3-5 cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs (cells flatten) keratohyaline -granules- precursors to keratin, lamellated granules- waterproofing glycolipids

question

cells in stratum granulsum die because

answer

they are getting too far away from blood vessels in dermis,, they are programmed to die

question

stratum lucidum

answer

only found in thick skin of palms, soles, fingerips, and bottoms of toes- 3-5 layers of flat clear dead keratinocytes

question

stratum corneum

answer

horny layer, 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, FUNCTIONS protects from abrasion, penetration, waterproofs,

question

contains flycolipid between cells to waterproof skin

answer

stratum corneum

question

serves as a physical barrier again light, heat, microorganisms, water and chemicals

answer

startum corneum

question

callus

answer

thickening of epidermis due to frequent friction or abrasion

question

epidermal growth factor

answer

protein hormone which stimulates stratum basale cells to undergo mitosis

question

found in saliva of many mammals and produced by other cells

answer

epidermal growth factor

question

Dermis

answer

second major skin region containing strong flexible connective tissue

question

cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages and occasionally mast cells

answer

dermis

question

rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, contains glands and hair follicles

answer

dermis

question

Papillary layer (dermis)

answer

superfical layer that makes up 20% of dermis, areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels

question

composed of small fingerlike projections called dermal papillae which push up into epidermis

answer

papillary layer

question

dermal papillae (papillary layer of dermis)

answer

contains capillary loops, meissnesr's corpuscles(touch receptors) and free nerve endings for pain. FUNCTION: to increase surface area of contract between epidermis and dermis, to increase diffusion and bettwe resistance to abrasion

question

fingertips

answer

caused by dermal ridges and dermal papillae resulting in erpidermal ridges FUNCTION to increase friction for gripping

question

reticular layer (deep layer of dermis)

answer

80 % of dermis, dense irregular connection tissue with thich collagen and coarse elastic fibers

question

collagen fibers in the layer add strendth and resiliency to the skin, elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

answer

reticular layer

question

contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, pacinian corpuscles and blood vessels

answer

reticular layer

question

cleavage or tension lines

answer

skin markings that seperations between bundles of collagen that run parallel to skin surface

question

flexure lines

answer

skin markings that are dermal folds that occue at or near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures- palms, wrists, fingers, soles and toes

question

stretch marks (striae)

answer

result from dermal tearing, casused by severe strectching -homeostatic imbalance

question

blisters

answer

result from tearing of weak areolar CT of papillary layer

question

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis and superficial fascia)

answer

composed of adipose tissue, and areolar connective tissue, contains cold senestive nerve endings

question

pigments that contribute to skin color

answer

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

question

melanin

answer

different forms that range in color, produce melanocytes located in the stratum basale of the epidermis

question

accumulates in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes that are moved to ends of melanocytes processes

answer

melanin

question

melanosomes are taken up by basal keratinocytes

answer

true

question

local accumulations of melanin results in freckles, moles, and age spots

answer

true

question

carotene

answer

yellow to orange pigment found in carrots, egg yolks and tomatoes, localizes in the stratum corneul and adipse tissue, most obvious in palms and soles

question

high consumption of carotene-containing foods gives skin a yellow hue

answer

true

question

yellowish skin of some asian people is sue to variants of carotene

answer

false- melanin is the cause

question

hemoglobin

answer

a red pigment in red blood cells, skin is translucent when little melanin and carotene are present (fair people)

question

red-pink color of blood in dermal capillaries shows through skin as pinkish hue

answer

true-hemoglobin

question

cyanosis

answer

blood and skin of caucasians appear blue when hemoglobin is poorly oxagentaed- during heart failure, sever respiratory disorders , if a baby does not breath shortly after birth

question

erythema

answer

redness of skin, fever, hyertension, inflammation, allergy, blushing

question

palor or blanching

answer

pale skin, anemia, low blood pressure, during fear, anger and certain types of emotional stress

question

jaundice

answer

abnormal yellowing of the skin caused by a liver disorder(yellow bile pigments)

question

bronzing

answer

bronzing of skin sign of addisons disease

question

bruises

answer

blood from ruptured capillaries below skin which clotted beneath the skin

question

hematomas

answer

clotted blood masses

question

derivatives of the epidermis

answer

sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair and hair follicles, nails

question

sweat glands

answer

3-4 million per person, 2 types: eccrine and apocrine

question

eccrine sweat glands

answer

most common type, simple, coiled tubular gland that carries sweat through dermis to surface pores

question

found everywhere EXCEPT lips, nail beds, nipples, external genitalia ear drums

answer

eccrine sweat glands

question

sweat

answer

hypotonic to plasma, 99% water,some salts, vitamin C FUNCTION: cools body and eliminates waste

question

apocrine sweat glands

answer

secretes by exocytosis, found in axilla and pubic region, ducts connect to hair follicles so hair conducts secretion into air

question

bacteria decompose of fat and proteins resulting in odor; stimulated by emotional stress and sexual excitement

answer

apocrine sweat glands

question

mammary gland

answer

sweat glands specialized to secret milk

question

ceruminous glands

answer

found in skin of external ear canal to secrete ear wax

question

sebaceous glands

answer

widely distributed except on the palmer and planter surfaces of hands and feet,

question

develops from hair follicles, secretes oil onto hairs in hair follicles, micute of fats, cholesterol, proteins and salts

answer

sebaceous glands

question

Functions: softens hair and skin, reduces water evaporation, bacterial

answer

sebaceous glands

question

hair

answer

functions" protects from sunlight, heat loss, particles and insects

question

hair is distributed over the enitre skin surface expect palms, soles, lips, nipples and portions of external genitalia

answer

true

question

hair is filamentous strands composed of

answer

dead, hard keratinized cells produced by hair follicles

question

hair shaft

answer

above epidermis

question

hair root

answer

in epidermis and dermishollow tube that holds hair

question

medulla

answer

central core of large cells and air spaces

question

cortex

answer

thickest layer,keratinized pigmented flattened cells- surrounds medulla

question

cuticle of hair

answer

single outer layer of keratinized cells that overlap each other- surrounds cortex

question

hair follicle

answer

extends from epidermal surface into dermis- lining of hair shaft

question

connective tissue root sheath

answer

dermis-blue exterior area on outer follicle wall

question

glassy membrane

answer

thickened basement membrane- dark blue membrane between CT root sneath and external epithelial root sheath

question

external epithelial root sheath

answer

tissue after the glassy membrane

question

internal root sheath

answer

tissue after external epithelial root sheath before cuticle

question

hair bulb

answer

expanded deep end, enlarged base of follicle-bottom of follicle directly under root

question

hair papilla of hair bulb

answer

connective tissue with many blood vessels

question

hair matrix of hair bulb

answer

ring of actively didving cells

question

sebaceous glands are with each hair

answer

true

question

hair follicle receptor

answer

sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb, stimulated by bending a hair

question

arrector pili muscle

answer

smooth muscle that runs from connective tissue root sheath to suferficial dermis- contracts hair vertically

question

cause goose bumps, decreases heat loss by increasing the dead air space above skin, induced by stimuli

answer

arrector pili muscle

question

hair growth

answer

2 cycles growth phase and resting phase

question

lasts 6-10 years in scalp, 3-4 months in eyebrows

answer

growth phase

question

last 1-3 months

answer

resting phase

question

vellus

answer

pale, fine body hair of children and adult femals

question

terminal

answer

coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary and pubic regions

question

hirsutism

answer

excessive hairiness in women due to abnormal secretion of androgens

question

hair pigments

answer

melanins in medulla and cortex

question

dark hair

answer

true melanin

question

blonde and red hair

answer

melanin variants with iron and sulfur

question

gray/white hair

answer

decreased melanain production, increased air bubble in shaft

question

alopecia

answer

hair thining in both sexes after age of 40

question

frank(true) baldness

answer

genetically determind and sex-influenced condition

question

nail

answer

scalelike modification of epidermis on distal dorsal surface of fingers and toes

question

nail body

answer

pink due to blood underlying capillaries

question

lunula

answer

white cresent shape at bottom of nail

question

free edge

answer

white edge of nail

question

nail root

answer

anchored in skin

question

cuticle

answer

thick stratum corneum

question

Chemical Barrier

answer

low pH secretions(acid mantle) and defensisn retard bacterial activity

question

melanin provides a chemical pigment to prevent UV damage to the viable skin cells

answer

true

question

physical/mechanical barriers

answer

keratin and glycolipids block most water and water-soluble substances

question

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

answer

Keratinocytes

question

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin

answer

Keratin

question

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch

answer

Merkel disc

question

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system

answer

Epidermal dendritic cells

question

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum

answer

Cornified keratinocytes

question

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable

answer

Stratum corneum

question

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation

answer

Sudoriferous glands

question

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis

answer

Stratum basale

question

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair."

answer

Vellus

question

May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

answer

Erythemia

question

May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure

answer

Pallor

question

Usually indicates a liver disorder

answer

Jaundice

question

Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing.

answer

addisons disease

question

A bluish color in light-skinned individuals

answer

Cyanosis

question

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation

answer

True

question

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges

answer

false

question

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis

answer

true

question

The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath

answer

true

question

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

answer

false

question

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn

answer

false

question

Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil

answer

false

question

The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle

answer

false

question

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis

answer

false

question

During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

answer

true

question

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.

answer

true

question

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin

answer

false

question

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

answer

true

question

The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue

answer

false

question

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color

answer

true

question

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

answer

false

question

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes

answer

true

question

Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands

answer

false

question

The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft

answer

false

question

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

answer

true

question

Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle

answer

true

question

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body.

answer

false

question

Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures

answer

true

question

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

answer

true

question

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

answer

Porphyria

question

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

answer

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

question

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

answer

external root sheath

question

Acne is a disorder associated with ________.

answer

sebaceous glands

question

The dermis ________.

answer

has 2 layers

question

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps

answer

arrector pili

question

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

answer

lucidum

question

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

answer

Meissner's corpuscles

question

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

answer

Meissner's corpuscle

question

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does

answer

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts

question

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?

answer

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects

question

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

answer

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

question

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

answer

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

question

Vernix caseosa is a ________.

answer

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

question

The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax

answer

ceruminous

question

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

answer

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

question

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

answer

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

question

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize

answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

question

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.

answer

produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

question

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________

answer

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

question

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

answer

stratum basale

question

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

answer

macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

question

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

answer

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces

question

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

answer

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

question

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

answer

the reticular layer

question

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

answer

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

question

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

answer

dermal papillae.

question

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

answer

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person

question

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

answer

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

question

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

answer

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

question

An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.

answer

phagocytic cell

question

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

answer

nutrition and hormones

question

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are

answer

Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis

question

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

answer

eccrine and apocrine

question

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

answer

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

question

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in hermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

answer

in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

question

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

answer

by hormones, especially androgens

question

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

answer

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

question

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss

answer

by using the "rule of nines"

question

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn

answer

catastrophic fluid loss

question

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

answer

male hormones

question

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

answer

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

question

Cradle cap in infants is called ________.

answer

seborrhea

question

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

answer

lunula

question

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum

answer

granulosum

question

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

answer

arrector pili

question

A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.

answer

addisons

question

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair.

answer

terminal

question

________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis

answer

second-degree burns

question

________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis

answer

Melanocytes

question

The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

answer

lucidum

question

The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers

answer

papillary

question

Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands

answer

eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. mammary

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