Chapter 5 Environmental Science Answers – Flashcards
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integrated pest management
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important pest management tool that uses a mix of methods such as traps, disease, and resistant plant, and natural pest-killing substances, as well as the introduction of predators to control pests
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multicropping
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practice of growing many crops together in the same field
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host plant resistance
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natural defense mechanisms of a plant, including physical adaptation, natural chemical resistance, and a tolerance to pest damage/defoliation, that ward off pests
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biological control
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using other living things that are enemies of a pest to control it
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parasitoid
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insect that develops on or within an insect host, ultimately killing the host
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weed feeder
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arthropod (such as an insect), other animal, or pathogen that feeds on weed pests
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biorational pesticide
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naturally occuring compound or chemical such as a toxin or growth regulator derived from a living organism
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insecticidal soap
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any of the potassium fattu acids soaps used to control many plant pest
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bacillus thuringiensts
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gram-positive, soil-dwelling, bacterium, commonly used as a biological alternative to a pesticide
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botanical insecticide
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pesticide made of plant parts - used against insects
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flies, bunnies, mice, weeds, fungi, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses
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pests
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nematicides
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roundworm control
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goals of the PAIPM (PA's Integrated Pest Management program)
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encourage production of food and forestry products while decreasing the exposure of workers to harmful pesticides, to reduce air and groundwater contamination, reduce/eliminate pesticide residues on crops, cut # of insecticide-resistant pests, make pest control more cost-effective, maximize the use of natural organisms in pest control
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goals of the school IPM
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manage pests on school grounds, teach PA students about the benefits, risks, and interdisciplinary nature of IPM
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PA's state tree
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Eastern Hemlock
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pests of PA
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gypsy moth caterpiller, black knot, elm spanworm
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APHIS is and what does it do?
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US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - responsible for patrolling US ports and inspecting imported goods for exotic pests
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PA devastating tree diseases
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white pine blister rust, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease
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PA exotic insects (pests)
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European gypsy moth, balsam woolly adelgid, pine shoot moth, Asian long-horned beetle, starlings, Asian lady beetle, European brown spruce long-horned beetle
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order of organic foods sold
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fresh produce, packaged groceries, dairy foods, bulk and frozen, soy-based, beverages, meats, candy/snack foods
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invasive plants of PA
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mile-a-minute weed, purple loosestrife
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6 steps in the IPM system
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properly identify pest damage and responsible pests, learn pest and host life cycles and biology, monitor or sample the environment for pest population, establish action threshold - economic, health, or aesthetic, choose an appropriate combination of management tactics, evaluate and record results
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physical methods
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prevents pest access to the host or area - if pest is already present, remove them by some means
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beneficial parasitoids
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wasps, flies
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pathogen examples
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bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
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microbial insecticides or bio-insecticides
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pathogens spread artificially or or incorporated into sprays
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biological methods
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parasitoids, predators, pathogens, weed feeders
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chemical methods
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conventional pesticides, conventional household pesticides, conventional agricultural pesticides
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biorational pesticides
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microbial pesticides, insecticidal soap, botanical insecticides, neem, water spray
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gov. agencies that try to stop the spread of pests in the US
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the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), US Customs
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IMP tactics
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cultural methods, physical methods, genetic methods, biological methods, chemical methods, regulatory control
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3 main things on a label
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precautionary statement, active ingredients, other (inert) ingredients
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benefits
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safer for people/environment, less pesticide residue on food, less chance of pesticide resistance, less damage to nontarget organisms, lower costs
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drawbacks
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may alter local ecosystems, can contaminate environment, does not eliminate all pests, may lose more crops, can require intensive planning
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pyramid of IPM tactics
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cultural, physical/mechanical, biological, chemical (biorational pesticides), conventional pesticides
