question

Teratogen

answer

- literally, "monster maker" - Any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus • Effects are worse during the critical period • The greater and longer exposure, the more likely serious damage will occur • Susceptibility to harm influenced by genetic makeup • Effects depend on the quality of the prenatal and postnatal environments

question

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

answer

- small eye openings - flat mid face - short nose - indistinct groove between nose and mouth - Epicanthal folds - Low nasal bridge - Minor ear abnormalities - Thin upper lip

question

What are the characteristics of a competent newborn?

answer

- arrives with automatic reflex responses that support survival: sucking, tonguing, swallowing, and breathing - cries to elicit help and comfort - searches for sights and sounds linked to other humans, especially mother - smells and sees well and uses sensory equipment to learn - biologically rooted temperament

question

developmental psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

question

What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists?

answer

1. Nature and nurture 2. Continuity and stages 3. Stability and change

question

Developmental researchers who emphasize learning are supporting _______________; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting ______________.

answer

continuity; stages

question

What is the course of prenatal development, and how do teratogens affect that development?

answer

The lifecycle begins at conception, when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a zygote. The zygote's inner cells become the embryo, and the outer cells become the placenta. In the next 6 weeks, body organs begin to form and function, and by 9 weeks, the fetus is recognizably human. Teratogens are potentially harmful agents that can pass through the placental screen and harm the developing embryo or fetus, as happens with fetal alcohol syndrome.

question

zygote

answer

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

question

embryo

answer

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

question

fetus

answer

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

question

The first 2 weeks of prenatal development is the period of the _________. The period of the _________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the __________.

answer

zygote; fetus; embryo

question

What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infants' mental abilities?

answer

Babies are born with sensory equipment and reflexes that facilitate their survival and their social interactions with adults. For example, they quickly learn to discriminate their mother's smell and sound. Researchers use techniques that test habituation, such as the novelty-preference procedure, to explore infants' abilities.

question

habituation

answer

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation - as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

question

Developmental psychologists use repeated stimulation to test an infant's ___________________ to a stimulus.

answer

habituation

question

During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?

answer

The brain's nerve cells are sculpted by heredity and experience. As a child's brain develops, neural connections grow more numerous and complex. Experiences then trigger a pruning process, in which unused connections weaken and heavily used ones strengthen. This process continues until puberty. Early childhood is an important period for shaping the brain, but our brain modifies itself in response to our learning throughout life. In childhood, complex motor skills (sitting, standing, walking) develop in a predictable sequence, though the timing of that sequence is a function of individual maturation and culture. We have no conscious memories of events occurring before about age 3 1/2. This infantile amnesia occurs in part because major brain areas have not yet matured.

question

maturation

answer

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

question

The biological growth process, called _____________, explains why most children begin walking by about 12-15 months.

answer

maturation

question

cognition

answer

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

question

From the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today's researchers, how does a child's mind develop?

answer

In his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct and modify their understanding of the world through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. They form schemas that help them organize their experiences. Progressing from the simplicity of the sensorimotor stage of the first two years, in which they develop object permanence, children move to more complex ways of thinking. In the preoperational stage (age 2-7), they develop a theory of mind. In the preoperational stage, children are egocentric and unable to perform simple logical operations. At about age 7, they enter the concrete operational stage and are able to comprehend the principle of conversation. By about age 12, children enter the formal operational stage and can reason systematically. Research supports the sequence Piaget proposed, but it also shows that younger children are more capable, and their development more continuous than he believed. Lev Vygotsky's studies of child development focused on the ways a child's mind grows by interacting with the social environment. In his view, parents and caretakers provide temporary scaffolds enabling children to step to higher levels of learning.

question

schema

answer

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

question

assimilation

answer

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

question

accommodation

answer

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

question

sensorimotor stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

question

object permanence

answer

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

question

preoperational stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (From about 2 to about 6 or 7 years old) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

question

conservation

answer

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

question

egocentrism

answer

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

question

theory of mind

answer

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

question

concrete operational stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7-11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

question

formal operational stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

question

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

answer

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors - By age 8, 1 in 68 US children now get diagnosed with ASD, though the reported rates vary by place. The increase in ASD diagnoses has been offset by a decrease in the number of children with a "cognitive disability" or "learning disability", suggesting a relabeling of children's disorders.

question

stranger anxiety

answer

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

question

attachment

answer

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

question

critical period

answer

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

question

imprinting

answer

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

question

basic trust

answer

according to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

question

self-concept

answer

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"

question

adolescence

answer

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

question

puberty

answer

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

question

identity

answer

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's talk is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

question

social identity

answer

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

question

intimacy

answer

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

question

emerging adulthood

answer

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

question

menopause

answer

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

question

cross-sectional study

answer

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

question

longitudinal study

answer

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

question

neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)

answer

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

question

Alzheimer's disease

answer

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80 and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

question

social clock

answer

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

question

What does theory of mind have to do with autism spectrum disorder?

answer

Theory of mind focuses on our ability to understand our own and other's mental states. Those with autism spectrum disorder struggles with this ability.

question

How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?

answer

At about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from their caregivers display stranger anxiety. Infants form attachments not simply because parents gratify biological needs, but more importantly, because they are comfortable, familiar and responsive. Many birds and other animals have a more rigid attachment process, called imprinting, that occurs during a critical period.

question

How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?

answer

Attachment has been studied in strange situation experiments, which show that some children are securely attached and other are insecurely attached. Infants; differing attachment styles reflect both their individual temperament and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers. Adult relationships seem to reflect the attachment styles of early childhood, lending support to Erik Erikson's idea that basic trust is formed in infancy by our experiences with responsive caregivers.

question

How does childhood neglect or abuse affect children's attachments?

answer

Children are very resilient, but those who are severely neglected by their parents or otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age, may be at risk for attachment problems.

question

How do children's self-concepts develop?

answer

Self-concept, an understanding and evaluation of who we are, emerges gradually. By 15-18 months, children recognize themselves in a mirror. By school age, they can describe many of their own traits, and by age 8 or 10 their self-image is stable.

question

What are three parenting styles, and how do children's traits relate to them?

answer

Parenting styles - authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative - reflect varying degrees of control. Children with high self-esteem tend to have authoritative parents and to be self-reliant and socially competent, but the direction of cause and effect in this relationship is not clear. Child-raising practices reflect both individual and cultural values.

question

How is adolescence defined, and how do physical changes affect developing teens?

answer

Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to social independence. Boys seem to benefit (though with risks) from "early maturation" and girls from "late maturation." The brain's frontal lobes mature and myelin growth increases during adolescence and the early twenties, enabling improved judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning.

question

How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?

answer

Piaget theorized that adolescents develop a capacity for formal operations and that this development is the foundation for moral judgement. Kohlberg proposed a stage theory of moral reasoning, from a preconventional morality of self-interest, to a conventional morality concerned with upholding laws and social rules, to (in some people) a postconventional morality of universal ethical principles. Other researchers believe that morality lies in moral intuition and moral action as well as thinking. Some critics argue that Kohlberg's postconventional level represents morality from the perspective of individualist, middle-class people.

question

What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?

answer

Erikson theorized that each life stage has its own psychosocial task, and that a chief task of adolescence is solidifying one's sense of self - one's identity. This often means trying out a number of different roles. Social identity is the part of the self-concept that comes from a person's group memberships.

question

How do parents and peers influence adolescents?

answer

During adolescence, parental influence diminishes and peer influence increases, in part because of the selection effect - the tendency to choose similar others. But adolescents also do adopt their peers' ways of dressing, acting and communicating. Parents have more influence in religion, politics, and college and career choices.

question

What is emerging adulthood?

answer

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is now taking longer. Emerging adulthood is the period from age 18 to the mid 20s, when many young people are not yet fully independent. But observers note that this stage is found mostly in today's Western cultures.

question

What physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood?

answer

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s and continue to decline throughout middle adulthood (40-65) and late adulthood (after 65). Women's period of fertility ends with menopause around age 50; men have no similar age-related sharp drop in hormone levels or fertility. In late adulthood, the immune system weakens, increasing susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses. Chromosome tips (telomeres) wear down, reducing the chances of normal genetic replication. But for some, longevity-supporting genes, low stress, and good health enable better health in later life.

question

How does memory change with age?

answer

As the years pass, RECALL begins to DECLINE, especially for meaningless information, but RECOGNITION memory remains STRONG. Older adults rely more on time management and memory cues to remember time-based and habitual tasks. Developmental researchers study age-related changes such as in memory with cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. "Terminal decline" describes the cognitive decline in the final few years of life.

question

How do neurocognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease affect cognitive ability?

answer

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) are acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits, which are often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. This damage to brain cells results in the erosion of mental abilities that is not typical of normal aging. Alzheimer's disease is marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

question

What themes and influences mark our social journey from early adulthood to death?

answer

Adults do not progress through an orderly sequence of age-related social stages. Chance events can determine life choices. The social clock is a culture's preferred timing for social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Adulthood's dominant themes are LOVE and WORK, which Erikson called intimacy and generativity.

question

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to _____________ and to ____________.

answer

love; work

question

A loved one's death triggers what range of reactions?

answer

People do not grieve in predictable stages, as was once supposed. Strong expressions of emotion do not purge grief, and bereavement therapy is not significantly more effective than grieving without such aid. Erikson viewed the late-adulthood psychosocial task as developing a sense of integrity (vs despair).

question

What is unique about infant brain growth?

answer

It is head-sparing: a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition. Ex. Girl in the closet

question

Activity-Passivity

answer

extent to which human beings are active in producing their own development or are passively shaped

question

Continuity-Discontinuity

answer

- focuses on whether the changes people undergo over the life span are gradual or abrupt and quantitative or qualitative - continuity theorists developmental changes are GRADUAL and QUANTITATIVE - discontinuity theorists changes are ABRUPT and QUALITATIVE (ex. developmental stages)

question

Universality-Context Specificity

answer

- extent to which developmental changes are universal or context specific - stage theorists believe stages are UNIVERSAL - other theorists pathways of development vary depending on social context

question

Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

answer

- focused on the development and dynamics of the personality - people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts (unaware of these motives and conflicts; shaped by their earliest experiences in the family) - first person interested in personality development - development of what makes us specific

question

Id

answer

all unconscious, basic urges (representation of hypothalamus - basic animal instincts)

question

Ego

answer

balance the desires of the Id with the thoughts of the superego (balance what the Id wants in a socially acceptable way) - personality/self that balances

question

Superego

answer

focuses more on social feelings and morals (conscience) - value neutral meaning that there is no kind of innate morality, but interalized from our parents (those who are important during our development)

question

What are the psychosexual stages?

answer

oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

question

Oral stage

answer

if you aren't breastfed, may become orally fixated (if deprived too early or kept on too long)

question

Anal stage

answer

pleasure from learning to control bowls (potty training)

question

Phallic stage

answer

masturbation - learning how to resolve feelings

question

Latent stage

answer

no sexual motivation

question

Genital stage

answer

sexual intercourse

question

What are some examples of oral fixation?

answer

chewing fingernails, smoking, being overly dependent on other people

question

What are some examples of anal fixation?

answer

people are incredibly neat, people who are sloppy/messy, people who are stingy/cheap or very generous (caused from harsh toilet training)

question

What are some examples of phallic fixation?

answer

depressed, bipolar - never resolved feelings toward opposite sex parent and never fully identified with same sex parent

question

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Freud's theories?

answer

- Strengths: attention to unconscious processes, highlighted early experiences, emphasized importance of emotions - Weaknesses: wrong, not testable or falsifiable

question

Erikson's psychosocial stages

answer

- Unlike frued, did not put as much emphasis on sexual influence, but more about forming relationships with other people - Strong influence on future developmentalists

question

What is the 1st year of life conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: trust vs mistrust (if the world around you is a reliable and predictable place, are there people to meet your needs - attatchment theory) - Favorable outcome: faith in the environment and future events - Unfavorable outcome: suspicion, fear of future events

question

What is the 2nd year of life conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: learn that you're capable of controlling the world around you or not - Favorable outcome: a sense of self-control and adequacy - Unfavorable outcome: feelings of shame and self-doubt

question

What is the 3rd-5th years of life conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: initiative vs guilt - Favorable outcome: ability to be a "self-starter", to initiate one's own activities - Unfavorable outcome: a sense of guilt and inadequacy to be on one's own

question

What is the 6th year-puberty conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: industry vs inferiority - Favorable outcome: ability to learn how things work, to understand and organize - Unfavorable outcome: a sense of inferiority at understanding and organizing

question

What is the adolescence conflict during the transition years of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: identity vs confusion (trying to get a sense of self and where you fit into the world around you - finding who you are and your identity) - Favorable outcome: seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person - Unfavorable outcome: confusion over who and what one really is

question

What is the early adulthood conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: intimacy vs isolation (learning to form and maintain relationships) - Favorable outcome: ability to make commitment to others, to love - Unfavorable outcome: inability to form affectionate relationship

question

What is the middle age conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: generatively vs. self-absorption (are you doing something worthwhile with your life that will help people of the future?) - Favorable outcome: concern for family and society in general - Unfavorable outcome: concern only for self - one's own well-being and prosperity

question

What is the aging years conflict of Erickson's psychosocial stages?

answer

- Crisis: integrity vs despair (have you lived a life that you are proud of?) - Favorable outcome: a sense of integrity and fulfillment; willingness to face death - Unfavorable outcome: dissatisfaction with life; despair over prospect of death

question

Watson and the Behaviorists

answer

- viewed the brain as a black box: don't actually know what's happening, all week know is the output vs input - if you gave him a kid, he could make him whatever he wanted, just had to give Watson complete control of the kid's environment (don't need to care about unconscious, just control the conscious)

question

Skinner: Operant Conditioning

answer

- changed how childhood developmentalists thought - physical punishment effects - operant conditioning does NOT have a positive effect on child's development (increases aggression, increase mental health problems, impair children's intellectual and moral functioning) - all about positive reinformcement - "catch them being good, and reinforce that"

question

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

answer

- all about social learning - kid watched adults beat up doll, then they gave kid doll and see how they treated the doll - kids are capable of observational learning (learn by watching other people) - kids will model the behavior of the world around him - affect of violence in movies and video games on kids growing up?

question

Piaget

answer

- interested in cognitive development - believed we are ACTIVE learners! - did not think that children were blank slates to be manipulated by adults - believed children actually participate in their own development - believed childrens shaped their ideas of reality by doing - develop intelligence in the same way - intelligence: a process that helps an organism adapt to its environment - ideas had a strong impact on childhood's education - can be tested and are largely supported - first person to think that children's minds worked in qualitatively different ways - Underestimated the development of younger children - Did not really consider social or cultural influences (did not place emphasis on nurturing being a factor)

question

Constructivism

answer

children construct their own understandings of the world based on experiences (- Experiment on objects they encounter (baby flailing limbs around to figure out how limbs work)) (- Learning when ideas about reality aren't adequate)

question

Theory of Assimilation

answer

children organize information into mental categories - get new information that fits into their existing categories

question

Theory of Accommodation

answer

change their schemas with new information they receive and put them into new categories

question

Theory of Mind

answer

- Involves ability to read mental state of others - Between 31⁄2 and 41⁄2, children worldwide use theory of mind to realize others may hold false beliefs - By 4 to 5, children anticipate false beliefs of friends

question

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

answer

1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) 3. Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years) 4. Formal Operations Stage (12 and older)

question

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

answer

- acquire tools for solving problems through their sensory motor experiences - lack object permanence - experimenting on the world around you, scale errors

question

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

answer

- developed the capacity for symbolic thought; can mentally imagine doing something - EGOCENTRIC - lack THEORY OF MIND: cannot read mental state of others (cannot take mental perspective of others)

question

Egocentric

answer

cannot take any perspective other than their own - cannot understand that someone can think differently from them

question

Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years)

answer

- logical; can use trial and error - can't use abstract thought (late elementary but before puberty - don't like hypothetical problems, can mentally categorize (add and subtract) objects - good at problems the involve real things)

question

Formal Operations Stage (12 and older)

answer

- can think abstractly - can imagine results of actions (puberty time in life; can define a word like "justice" abstractly, can come up with hypotheses, can figure out how to systematically test ideas experimentally - capable of adult thoughts)

question

What are the strengths of the theory of cognitive development?

answer

- most developmentalists accept Piaget's beliefs - ideas have been tested and largely supported - influenced education and child-rearing

question

What are the weaknesses of the theory of cognitive development?

answer

- stages are questionable (more continuous?) - underestimates development of young children - too little emphasis on social and cultural influences

question

What is the infant attachment theory in social development?

answer

- form emotional attachment in 1st year in life - emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregiver, and showing distress on separation - should be distressed when primary caregiver leaves - at about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from their caregivers display stranger anxiety - stranger anxiety: when someone who isn't primary cargiver holds you (when securely attached, will respond more severly) - attachments aren't just about biological means, but person who regularly takes care of you and shows you affection - humans are not ducks - ducks imprint on first person you see, then convinced that that person is your mom - humans do not just become attached to the first person you see when you're born - attachment forms over the 1st year of life - humans form attachments over longer period of time than other animals

question

How can we study attachment?

answer

- strange situation: put kids in a new environment - securely attached kid will explore environment with parents, but be distressed when parent leaves - Infants' differing attachment styles reflect both their individual temperament and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers - early attachment has impact on later adult relationships and comfort with affection and intimacy - attachment will reflect individual temperment, but a lot more dependent on caregiver's responsiveness to your needs - this is what shapes our relationships later in life (attatchment theory) - easier time forming relationships as adults

question

What are the three types of attachment relationships?

answer

Avoidant Type A, Secure Type B and Resistant Type C

question

Type A Attachment

answer

- avoidant (less common insecure attachment) - children have a working model of themselves as unacceptable and unworthy - carer who is rejecting

question

Type B Attachment

answer

- secure (children given a positive working model) - carer who is emotionally available, sensitive and supportive

question

Type C Attachment

answer

- resistant (least common insecure attachment) - caregiver alternates between being smothering and beling neglectful - exaggerated emotional response to get attention

question

Authoritarian Parenting Style

answer

dictators, controlling, inflexible, high on control spectrum, low on support/affection spectrum - kids are low in social skills, low in self-esteem, low in self-reliability

question

Permissive Parenting Style

answer

high support/affection, low in control - can include helicopter parents - kids entitled and spoiled - indulgent/lenient parents

question

Authoritative Parenting Style

answer

high support, high control - flexible, democratic, respectful, allow kids to earn responsibility, explain reasoning to their kids, allow to have more and more freedom as they get older, kids high in self esteem, social skills, independence and self-reliance, and good at navigating the world around them

question

Neglectful Parenting Styles

answer

low support, low control - kids poor on most outcomes, parents uninvolved and disinterested, don't care what happens to their kids

question

What do we know about the growth spurt?

answer

- fastest period between ages 0-2 - girls grow before boys do

question

What do girls experience in sexual maturation?

answer

- girls that go through puberty later do better in school - girls who go through puberty earlier are more likely to engage in sexual behavior - early-maturing girls have a greater likelihood of experiencing long-term adjustment problems including anxiety and depression

question

What do boys experience in sexual maturation?

answer

- later-developing boys perform poorly on school achievement tests

question

Developing Reasoning Power Theory

answer

[Piaget] - develop new abstract thinking tools (formal operations) - reason logically and develop moral judgement

question

Developing Moral Reasoning Theory

answer

[Kohlberg] - use moral reasoning that develops in universal sequence to guide moral actions

question

Preconventional Morality

answer

(before age 9) - looking at what helps you, avoiding punishment and getting rewards - decides to do something based on whether or not they will get in trouble - ex. "If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero."

question

Conventional Morality

answer

(age 10) - early adolescent - all about following rules - ex. "If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal."

question

Postconventional Morality

answer

(age 14) - late adolescents (some people reach this stage later) - you develop your own morality and principles of how to live - come up with own ethical code - ex. "People have a right to live."

question

What were some criticisms of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking?

answer

Had western perspective on this, some people cannot reach the final stage of morality because have adapted to society/community rules as being ultimate

question

What is a parent relationship?

answer

Important when it comes to education, discipline, charitableness, responsibility, orderliness, and ways of interacting with authority figures (AFFECT OUTCOME OF KID)

question

What is a peer relationship?

answer

Important for learning cooperation, for finding the road to popularity, for inventing styles of interaction among people of the same age (LEARNING SOCIAL COMPETENCE)

question

Menopause

answer

lack of hormones - hot spells, sweating, decreased bone density - estrogen levels go down like 30%

question

Andropause

answer

lack of hormones - fewer symptoms though because such a gradual decline of testosterone levels

question

Theories of Aging

answer

living to be really old seems to be mostly genetic (ex. living to 110 years old)

question

Early Adulthood

answer

muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output peak in mid-20s

question

Middle Adulthood

answer

- physical vigor more closely linked to health and exercise than age - physical decline is gradual; gradual decline in fertility - female: menopause - male: gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, erection, and ejaculation speed

question

Late Adulthood

answer

- visual sharpness, distance perception, stamina diminish; pupils shrink and become less transparent - immune system weakens and susceptibility to life-threatening disease increases - neural processing lag occurs; brain regions related to memory begin to atrophy; speech slows - exercise slows aging and stimulates brain cell development and neural connections

question

Maximum Life Span

answer

a ceiling on the number of years that anyone lives

question

Hayflick Limit

answer

maximum life span of a species is related to the Hayflick limit for that species

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