Chapter 4 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Extremphiles |
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| A microorganism that lives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high acidity, or high salt |
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| Proteobacteria |
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| A phylum of gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic species in the domain Bacteria that are defined primarily in terms of their ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences (ie: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and the rickettsiae) |
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| Arthopods |
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| animals having jointed appendages and segmented body (e.g. ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes) how many diseases are transmitted to humans |
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| Firmicutes |
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| A phylum in the domain Bacteria that contains many of the gram-positive species (e.g. Bacillus Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma |
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| Actinobacteria |
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| A phylum in the domain Bacteria that exhibits fungus-like properties when cultivated in the laboratory (e.g. Strepomyces, Mycobacterium) |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| An oxygen-producing, pigmented bacterial cell in a unicellular and filamentous form that carries out photosynthesis |
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| Blooms |
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| sudden increase in the numbers of cells of an organism in an environment |
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| Chlamydiae |
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| - A phylum of extremely small bacteria that can be cultured only in living cells |
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| Spirochaetes |
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| A phylum in the domain Bacteria whose members possess a helical cell shape; corkscrew pattern; can be found in free-living species found in mud and sediments, to symbiotic species present in the digestive tracts of insects, to pathogens found in the urogential tracts of vertebrates; in humans, they can be found in the oral cavity (e.g. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, Borrelia, Lyme disease |
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| Hyperthermophiles |
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| A prokaryotic that has an optimal growth temperature above 80oC(e.g. Aquifex, Thermotoga) |
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| Euryachaeota |
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| A group within the domain Archaea that contains the methanogens and extreme halogens |
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| Methanogens |
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| An archaeal organisms that lives on simple compounds in anaerobic environments and produces methane during its metabolisms |
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| Extreme Halophiles |
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| An archaeal organism living at an extremely acidic pH they need high concentrations of salt |
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| Hyperthermophiles |
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| A prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80oC |
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| Crenarchaeota |
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| A group within the domain Archaea that tend to grow in hot or cold environments |
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| Bacillus |
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| 1.) any rod-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell 2.) when reffering to the genus Bacillus, it refers to an aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-producing, gram-positive bacterial cell |
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| Diplobacillus |
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| A pair of rod-shaped bacterial or achaeal cells |
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| Streptobacillus |
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| 1.) a chain of bacterial rods 2.) A genus of facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, gram-negative rods |
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| Coccus |
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| A spherical- shaped bacterial or archaeal cell |
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| Diplococcus |
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| A pair of spherical shaped bacterial or achaeal cells |
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| Strepococcus |
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| 1.) a chain of bacterial cocci 2.) a genus of facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, gram-positive spheres in chains |
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| Tetrad |
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| An arrangement of four bacterial cells in a cube shape |
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| Sacrina |
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| 1.) A packet of eight spherical-shaped prokaryotic cells 2.) A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic spheres |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| 1.) an arrangement of bacterial cells characterized by spheres in a grapelike cluster 2.) a genus of facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, nonsporeforming, gram positive spheres in clusters |
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| Spiral |
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| A shape of many bacterial and archaeal cells |
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| Vibrio |
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| 1.) a prokaryotic cells shape occurring as a curved rod, 2.) A genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative curved rods with flagella |
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| Spirillum |
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| 1.) a bacterial cells shape characterized by twisted or curved rods 2.) A genus of aerobic, helical cells usually with many flagella |
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| Spirochete |
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| A twisted bacterial rod with a flexible cell wall containing endoflagella for motility |
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1.) Sensing and Responding to the surrounding environment 2.) Compartmentation of metabolism 3.) Growth and Reproduction |
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Three processes that carry out a highly ordered intracellular organization |
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| pili |
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| A short hair-like structure used by bacterial cells for attachment |
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| Adhesins |
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| A protein in bacterial pili that assists in attachment to the surface molecules of cells (they can stick to biofilms, or human cells and tissue surfaces) |
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| Mucosal |
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| referring to the mucous membranes lining many body cavities exposed to the environment |
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| Virulence Factor |
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| A pathogen-produced molecule or structure that allows the cell to invade or evade the immune system and possible cause disease |
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| Conjugation Pili |
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| A protein filament essential for conjugation between donor and recipient bacterial cells; longer than attachment pili |
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| Flagella |
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| A long,hair-like appendage composed of protein and responsible for motion in microorganisms; found in some bacterial, archaeal, protozoal, algal, and fungal cells |
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| Attractant |
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| A substance that attracts cells through motility |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| A movement of a cell or organism toward a chemical or nutrient |
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| Temporal Sensing |
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| one that compares chemical environment and concentration from one moment to the next |
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| Endoflagella |
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| A microscopic fiber located along cell walls in certain species of spirochetes; contractions of the filaments yield undulating motion in the cell |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| A viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to assist in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation |
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| Capsule |
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| A layer of polysaccharides and small proteins covalently bound some prokaryotic cells |
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| Slime Layer |
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| A thin, loosely bound layer of polysaccharide covering some prokaryotic cells |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| A process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms |
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| Cell Envelope |
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| the cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterial or archaeal cell |
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| Cell Wall |
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| A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding fungal, algal, and most bacterial and archaeal cells |
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| Cell Membrane |
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| A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm |
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| Hypertonic |
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| A solution with more dissolved material (solutes) than the surrounding solution (most microbes live in this environment) |
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| Lysis |
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| the rupture of a cell and the loss of cell contents |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| A complex molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic (NAM) acid cross linked by short peptides |
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| Teichoic Acid |
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| A negatively charged polysaccharide in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria -essential for cell viability, they may help maintain a surface charge on the cell wall, control the activity of autolytic enzymes acting on the peptidoglycan and/or maintain permeability of the cell wall layer |
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| Autolytic Enzymes |
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| enzymes that break bonds in the peptidoglycan, thereby causing lysis of the cell |
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| Mycolic Acid |
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| A waxy lipid composing the cell wall of mycobacterial species -lipid layer making it hydrophobic |
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| Outer Membrane |
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| A bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria |
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| Periplasm |
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| A metabolic region between the cell membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative cells |
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| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
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| A molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell wall of bacterial cells |
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| Lipid A |
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| A component in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall |
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| Endotoxin |
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| A poison that can activate inflammatory responses, leading to high fever, shock, and organ failure |
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| Porins |
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| A protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that acts as a channel for the passage of small molecules |
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| Hydrophilic |
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| pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water |
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| Hydrophobic |
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| pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are insoluble in water |
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| Pseudopeptidoglycan |
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| A complex molecule of some archaeal cells walls composed of alternating units of NAG and NAM |
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| S-Layer |
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| the cell wall of most archaeal species consisting of protein or glycoprotein assembled in crystalline lattice -provides mechanical support and prevents osmotic lysis |
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| Fluid Mosaic Model |
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| The representation for the cell (plasma) membrane where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipids |
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| Faciliated Diffusion |
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| the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration across a biological membrane to a region of lower concentration by means of a membrane-spanning channel or carrier protein |
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| Active Transport |
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| An energy-requiring movement of substance from an area of later concentration across a biological membrane to a region of higher concentration by means of membrane-spanning carrier protein |
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| Monolayer |
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| A single layer of cultured cells |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| the complex of chemicals and structures within a cell; in plant and animal cells excluding the nucleus |
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| Cytosol |
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| the fluid, ions, and compounds of a cell’s cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures |
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| Nucleoid |
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| the chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells -does not contain a covering or membrane, it represents where the DNA aggregates and ribosomes are absent |
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| Haploid |
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| having a single set of genetic information |
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| Genome |
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| the complete set of genes in a virus or an organism |
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| Plasmids |
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| A small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information |
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| Vectors |
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| genetic elements capable of incorporating and transferring genetic information |
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| R Plasmids |
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| - (R for resistance) A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in bacterial cells and carries genes for drug resistance |
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| Ribosomes |
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| A cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis |
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| Centrifuge |
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| An instrument that spins particles suspended in liquid at high speeds |
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| Microcompartments |
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| A region in some bacterial cells surrounded by a protein shell |
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| Inclusions |
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| 1.) a granule-like storage structure found in the prokaytoic cell cytoplasm 2.) A virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell |
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| Meta-Chromatic Granules/Volutin |
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| A polyphosphate –storing granule commonly found in Corynebacterium diphtheria that stains deeply with methylene blue |
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| Gas Vesicles |
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| A cytoplasmic compartment in some bacterial and archaeal cells used to regulate buoyancy |
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| Magnetosome |
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| a cytoplasmic inclusion body in some bacterial cells, that assists orientation to the environment by aligning with the magnetic field |
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| Homolog |
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| an entity with similar attributes due to shared ancestry -the same protein tubulin used for filaments that assemble into microtubules in eukaryotic cells are found in bacterial and archaeal cells used in regulation of cell division |
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| Metazoans |
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| members of the vertebrates, nematodes, and mollusks |
