question

Franz Joseph Gall studied the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior.

answer

True

question

Jeremy Bentham devised the hedonistic calculus.

answer

True

question

Travis Hirschi developed social control theory.

answer

True

question

William Sheldon used somatotyping to explain juvenile criminal behavior.

answer

True

question

The term reaction formation was coined to encompass the rejection of middle-class values by status-seeking lower-class youths who find they are not permitted access to approved opportunities for success.

answer

True

question

Basic to the conflict perspective is the belief that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life and it can never be fully resolved.

answer

True

question

All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.

answer

False

question

Routine Activities Theory is a neoclassical perspective that suggests that mental illness contributes significantly to both the volume and type of crime found in any society.

answer

False

question

Robert Merton applied the Anomie Theory to criminology and concluded that while the same goals and means were held out by society as desirable for everyone to participate in, they were not equally available to all.

answer

True

question

Theories are tested by how well they describe and predict reality.

answer

True

question

William Sheldon is considered the founder of the Classical School of criminology.

answer

False

question

Edward Sutherland's differential association theory maintains that criminal behavior is learned.

answer

True

question

Techniques of neutralization are rationalizations that allow offenders to shed any guilt or sense of responsibility for their behavior.

answer

True

question

The Biological School views deviant behavior as the product of environmental forces.

answer

False

question

Somatotyping is the attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide.

answer

False

question

Peacemaking criminology holds that crime control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

answer

True

question

Studies of children adopted at birth show no tendency for the criminality of the biological parents to be reflected in the behavior of their children.

answer

False

question

The name most widely associated with biological theories of crime is Sigmund Freud.

answer

False

question

The Positivist School accepts that scientific techniques cannot be applied to the study of crime and criminals.

answer

False

question

Lombroso is known as the founder of the Positivist School of criminology.

answer

True

question

Behavioral conditioning holds that increased or decreased reward or punishment can determine the frequency of any behavior.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is known as a biological theorist? A.) Vold B.) Merton C.) Sutherland D.) Lombroso

answer

D.) Lombroso

question

Shaw and McKay and their concentric zones would be classified within: A.) Social Ecology Theory B.) Differential Association Theory C.) Conflict Theory D.) Social Control Theory

answer

A.) Social Ecology Theory

question

William Sheldon believed predominately ________ individuals were most prone to aggression, violence, and delinquency. A.) Mesomorphic B.) Ectomorphic C.) Phenomorphic D.) Endomorphic

answer

A.) Mesomorphic

question

Which of the following is not a fundamental assumption of psychological theories? A.) A criminal's tendency to commit crime is inherited. B.) The individual is the primary unit of analysis. C.) Personality is the major motivational element in individuals. D.) Crimes result from inappropriately conditioned behavior, or from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes.

answer

A.) A criminal's tendency to commit crime is inherited.

question

Using Merton's types of criminality, which type accepts society's goals but rejects the means to achieve them? A.) Conformist B.) Ritualist C.) Innovator D.) Retreatist

answer

C.) Innovator

question

Walter Reckless's containment theory describes two types of containment, which are known as A.) Physical and nonphysical. B.) Upper and lower. C.) Body and mind. D.) Outer and inner.

answer

D.) Outer and inner.

question

________ is a violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances. A.) Anomie B.) Deviance C.) Social Disorganization D.) Moral Enterprise

answer

B.) Deviance

question

Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen fall into? A.) Ritualist B.) Innovator C.) Retreatist D.) Conformist

answer

D.) Conformist

question

All of the following are components of Travis Hirschi's social control theory except: A.) emotional attachments to significant others. B.) involvement in conventional values. C.) a commitment to appropriate lifestyles. D.) desire to achieve important goals as an individual.

answer

D.) desire to achieve important goals as an individual.

question

Sykes and Matza's neutralization techniques include all of the following except: A.) denial of responsibility. B.) denial of the victim. C.) denial of injury. D.) denial of understanding.

answer

D.)denial of understanding.

question

A juvenile who steals a candy bar and states "No one was really hurt," is using which neutralization technique? A.) denial of victim B.) denial of responsibility C.) condemnation of the condemners D.) denial of injury

answer

D.) denial of injury

question

Which school of criminology explains criminal behavior by looking at physical characteristics and/or genetic makeup? A.) Classical School B.) Biological School C.) Conflict School D.) Sociological School

answer

B.) Biological School

question

All of the following theorists belong to the Sociological School except: A.) Walter Miller B.) Robert Merton. C.) Emile Durkheim. D.) William Sheldon.

answer

D.) William Sheldon.

question

What is atavism? A.) a condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution B.) a term used to denote one of the concentric zones C.) a term used to characterize aggression D.) a term used to describe anomie

answer

A.) a condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution

question

Which of the following terms refers to normlessness? A.) social ecology B.) subculture C.) conflict D.) anomie

answer

D.) anomie

question

________ is the study of pathological mental conditions that is, mental illness. A.) Profiling B.) Psychopathology C.) Conditioning D.) Conflict perspective

answer

B.) Psychopathology

question

Which of the following theories does not belong in the Social-Psychological School? A.) phrenology B.) containment C.) social learning D.) differential association

answer

A.) phrenology

question

Which of Sheldon's body types is characterized by thinness, fragility, and delicacy? A.) mesomorphs B.) endomorphs C.) phenomorphs D.) ectomorphs

answer

D.) ectomorphs

question

Which of the following theories proposes that the likelihood of crime increases when an individual's bond to society weakens? A.) differential association B.) anomie C.) labeling D.) social control

answer

D.) social control

question

According to Robert Merton, a(n) ________ rejects both society's goals and means to achieve them A.) conformist B.) retreatist C.) innovator D.) ritualistic

answer

B.) retreatist

question

According to Sutherland, criminal behavior is: A.) inherited. B.) based on body type. C.) psychopathological. D.) learned.

answer

D.) learned.

question

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti are often associated with which of the following terms? A.) subculture of violence B.) sociopath C.) anomie D.) psychosis

answer

A.) subculture of violence

question

According to Robert Merton, a(n) ________ rejects the goals and accepts the means to achieve society's goals. A.) ritualist B.) rebel C.) conformist D.) innovator

answer

A.) ritualist

question

According to Sykes and Matza, a criminal who states "I'm a product of my background" would be: A.) in denial of injury. B.) appealing to higher loyalties. C.) appealing to higher loyalties. D.) in denial of responsibility

answer

D.) in denial of responsibility

question

A ________ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict and ultimately control some class of events. A.) deviant B.) theory C.) somatotype D.) psychosis

answer

B.) theory

question

________ theories challenge existing criminological perspectives to debunk them and work toward replacing them with concepts more applicable to the postmodern era. A.) Feminist B.) Peacemaking C.) Deconstructionist D.) Constitutive

answer

C.) Deconstructionist

question

According to Merton, ________ were the revolutionaries of his theory. A.) rebels B.) innovators C.) ritualists D.) conformists

answer

A.) rebels

question

Sheldon would classify a juvenile with soft roundness throughout the body, short tapering limbs, and small bones as a(n) ________. A.) tyranomorph B.) mesomorph C.) ectomorph D.) endomorph

answer

D.) endomorph

question

What term does Howard Becker use to describe an advocacy group that participates in the political process so that it can have its values legitimized and embodied in law? A.) moral panic B.) social construction C.) moral enterprise D.) moral pressure

answer

C.) moral enterprise

question

________ criminology places the blame for criminality and deviant behavior upon officially sanctioned cultural and economic arrangements. A.) Phenomenological B.) Containment C.) Radical D.) Constitutive

answer

C.) Radical

question

A "supermale" is said to display what chromosomal structure? A.) XX B.) XYY C.) XY D.) XXY

answer

B.) XYY

question

What would you call a scientist who examines the shape of the head to determine causes of human behavior? A.) nutritionalist B.) botanist C.) atavist D.) phrenologist

answer

D.) phrenologist

question

Who wrote Essays on Crime and Punishment? A.) Ernest Hooten B.) Cesare Beccaria C.) Jeremy Bentham D.) Franz Gall

answer

B.) Cesare Beccaria

question

A(n) ________ theoretical approach integrates a variety of viewpoints in an attempt to explain crime and violence. A.) interdisciplinary B.) containment C.) constitutive D.) peacemaking

answer

A.) interdisciplinary

question

Who devised the hedonistic calculus? A.) Franz Gall B.) Jeremy Bentham C.) Cesare Beccaria D.) Ernest Hooten

answer

B.) Jeremy Bentham

question

An eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that grew out of the enlightenment and that emphasized the role of free will and reasonable punishments. A.) Classical School B.) Positivist School C.) Psychological School D.) Biological School

answer

A.) Classical School

question

A perspective on criminological thought that views offensive and deviant behavior as the product of dysfunctional personalities. A.) Psychological School B.) Biological School C.) Chicago School D.) Classical School

answer

A.) Psychological School

question

Chaos theory, discourse analysis, and realist criminology are all examples of: A.) Peacemaking B.) Post Modern Criminology C.) Phenomenological Criminology D.) Feminist Criminology

answer

B.) Post Modern Criminology

question

Which of the following is not considered an emergent perspective? A.) Anomie B.) Feminist C.) Deconstructionist D.) Post Modern

answer

A.) Anomie

question

A sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics and that sees the social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization. A.) Positivist School B.) Psychological School C.) Chicago School D.) Postmodernism

answer

C.) Chicago School

question

Which of the following is not a "pathway" to delinquency according to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency study? A.) Authority Conflict B.) Covert C.) Overt D.) Moral

answer

Moral

question

Which theoretical perspective investigates developments and turning points in the course of a person's life over time? A.) Neoclassical B.) Life Course C.) Conflict D.) Labeling

answer

B.) Life Course

question

What term describes the attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based upon behavioral clues they provide? A.) Psychological profiling B.) Labeling C.) Social Learning D.) Behavior Modification

answer

A.) Psychological Profiling

question

Which of the following theories represents a social development perspective? A.) differential association B.) social control C.) routine activities D.) life course

answer

D.) life course

question

A perspective on crime causation that holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice. A.)Routine Activities Theory B.)Social Learning Theory C.)Social Process Theory D.)Rational Choice Theory

answer

D.)Rational Choice Theory

question

Neoclassical criminology emphasizes: A.) biological destiny. B.) free will and hedonistic calculus. C.) rationality and cognition. D.) slow but certain punishment

answer

C.) rationality and cognition.

question

Freda Adler wrote a book titled "________ in Crime?" A.) Sisters B.) Trends C.) Partners D.) Brothers

answer

A.) Sisters

question

An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation is a ________.

answer

hypothesis

question

________ is the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.

answer

Research

question

Psychoanalysis is a theory of human behavior, based on the writings of ________, that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities.

answer

Freud

question

A ________ is a mentally ill individual who suffers from disjointed thinking and possibly from delusions and hallucinations.

answer

schizophrenic

question

Dangerousness is often measured in terms of ________, or the likelihood of additional crime commission with five years following arrest or release from confinement.

answer

recidivism

question

A perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to higher crime rates is the broken ________ thesis.

answer

windows

question

A ________ of violence is a cultural setting in which violence is a traditional and often accepted method of dispute resolution.

answer

subculture

question

Social process theory highlights the process of interaction between individuals and ________.

answer

society

question

________ is those aspects of the social bond and of the personality that act to prevent individuals from committing crimes.

answer

Containment

question

________ theory is a social process perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders.

answer

Labeling

question

________ theories highlight the stresses that arise among and within social groups as they compete with one another for resources and for survival.

answer

Conflict

question

________ criminology is a developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology.

answer

Feminist

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