question

T/F The tragic case of Anna shows that without adequate nutrition a human being cannot develop a personality or self.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F Even years of social isolation during infancy in humans does not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."

answer

FALSE

question

T/F In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols were first used in the preoperational stage.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F According to Carol Gilligan, boys judge behavior with an eye toward what the actions means for personal relationships.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F George Herbert Mead used the concept "the looking-glass self" to refer to significant people in our lives.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F Mead's theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a biological element in personality development.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F Schools provide most children with their first experience of bureaucracy.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F According to Kübler-Ross, a person first reacts to the prospect of dying with denial.

answer

TRUE

question

T/F A college is a good example of a total institution.

answer

FALSE

question

T/F Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.

answer

TRUE

question

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

answer

socialization

question

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?

answer

personality

question

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

answer

behaviorism

question

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that

answer

nurture is far more important than nature.

question

If you were to summarize the lesson learned from the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that

answer

social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.

question

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the

answer

id.

question

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?

answer

Ego

question

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

answer

Superego

question

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

answer

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.

question

Jean Piaget's focus was on

answer

cognition, or how people think and understand.

question

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

answer

sensorimotor stage

question

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?

answer

preoperational stage

question

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was

answer

moral reasoning.

question

Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys. Her research showed that

answer

girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.

question

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

answer

the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

question

Mead placed the origin of the self on

answer

social experience.

question

According to Mead, social experience involves

answer

the exchange of symbols.

question

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind

answer

imagining a situation from another person's point of view.

question

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as

answer

significant others.

question

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to

answer

widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves.

question

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

answer

Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.

question

Family is important to the socialization process because

answer

a. family members are often what Mead called "significant others." b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. c. parents greatly affect a child's sense of self. d. ALL RESPONSES ARE CORRECT

question

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it

answer

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.

question

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death

answer

is an orderly transition involving specific stages.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?

answer

a total institution

question

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is

answer

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior.

question

Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?

answer

a. Staff members supervise all aspects of daily life. b. STAFF MEMBERS ENCOURAGE THE INDIVIDUAL GROWTH AND REATIVITY OF INMATES. c. Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities. d. Formal rules direct people's daily routines.

question

Which of the following BEST sums up Goffman's idea of the resocialization process?

answer

break down an old identity, then build up a new identity

question

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as

answer

institutionalized.

question

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that

answer

a. society shapes how we think and act. b. human beings are spontaneous and creative with the power to change society. c. human beings have the capacity to change the world. d. ALL RESPONSES ARE CORRECT

CHAPTER 3 SOCIOLOGY – Flashcards

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