question

The condition of elevated blood glucose is called ______.

answer

hyperglycemia

question

While both the endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. One difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system is that:

answer

hormones are released into the interstitial fluids and neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

question

List the hormones that are classified as steroid hormones.

answer

aldosterone, androgens, calcitrol, corticosterone, cortisol, estrogens, progesterone

question

Thyroid hormone accelerates the ______ of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

answer

breakdown

question

The hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is ______.

answer

thyrotropin

question

List the hormones secreted by the ovary.

answer

inhibin, estradiol, progesterone

question

It is difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood because they are ______.

answer

hydrophobic

question

Monoamine hormones include catecholamines. List some examples.

answer

dopamine, epinephrine, melatonin, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone

question

A condition defined as a disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction of insulin is _____ _____.

answer

diabetes mellitus

question

The area of the brain called the _____ monitors conditions within and outside of the body. If necessary, it causes an appropriate change in the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

answer

hypothalamus

question

The endocrine gland called the ________ is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland.

answer

pancreas

question

The hormone called ________ _______ hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of ovarian follicles

answer

follicle stimulating

question

Match the pituitary cell type with the hormone that each produces. a. somatotropes b. lactotropes c. corticotropes d. gonadotropes

answer

a. somatrotropes: growth hormone b. lactotropes: prolactin c. corticotropes: adrenocorticotropic hormone d. gonadotropes: follicle-stimulating hormone

question

List examples of peptide hormones:

answer

follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin, insulin

question

The pineal gland synthesizes the hormone called _____ during nighttime hours.

answer

melatonin

question

Define hormone specificity.

answer

each hormone binds to only one receptor

question

List the three types of interactive effects hormones can have on their target organs.

answer

synergistic, permissive, antagonistic

question

The most potent adrenal glucocorticoid is secreted in response to ACTH and helps the body adapt to stress. This hormone is:

answer

cortisol

question

Name the mechanisms by which cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished.

answer

gap junctions, hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrines

question

The region of the adrenal gland indicated in the figure is the adrenal ______.

answer

medulla

question

Name endocrine organ

answer

pancreas

question

The region of the adrenal gland indicated is the adrenal ______.

answer

cortex

question

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is _______ hormone.

answer

luteinizing

question

List, in order of occurrence, the stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

answer

alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

question

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ______, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.

answer

genes

question

Peptide hormones are comprised of chains of ____.

answer

amino acids

question

The largest endocrine gland is the ______ which weights about 25 grams.

answer

thyroid

question

Name hormones produced by indicated gland.

answer

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

question

The ovaries and testes are considered _____ glands when they secrete gonadal hormones.

answer

endocrine

question

List target cells of insulin.

answer

skeletal muscle, adipose, liver

question

Excessive hormone release is referred to as:

answer

hypersecretion

question

The study of the glands, tissues and cells that secrete hormones is called:

answer

endocrinology

question

Any agent, such as hormone or drug, that opposes another is acting as an _____.

answer

antagonist

question

Cells and organs that have specific receptors for hormones are referred to as ___ cells and organs.

answer

target

question

List the following second-messenger system actions in the order they occur.

answer

1. hormone receptor binding activates G-protein 2. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 3. adenylate cyclase produces cAMP 4. cAMP activates protein kinases

question

Local hormone substances called _______ do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.

answer

paracrine

question

The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes (cells that are critically important for immune defense) is the ________.

answer

thymus

question

Steroid hormones diffuse through the phospholipid regions of the target cell membrane and into the _____ where they bind to a receptor.

answer

nucleus

question

List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells.

answer

insulin, somatostatin, glucagon

question

The thick outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal ______.

answer

cortex

question

Name the glands that secretes steroid hormones.

answer

testes, ovary, adrenal cortex

question

Glands that secrete their product into interstitial fluid or blood are called____ glands.

answer

endocrine

question

Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain _____ and excrete _____.

answer

sodium; potassium

question

Immunity is depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone ______.

answer

cortisol

question

Name the endocrine gland housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone (also called the hypophyseal gland):

answer

pituitary

question

When peptides and catecholamines bind to the target cell, they stimulate its physiology indirectly using:

answer

second messenger systems

question

The primary effect of thyroid hormone is to ______ the body's metabolic rate.

answer

increase

question

_____ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids into the blood.

answer

cortisol

question

List the expected urinalysis results of an untreated diabetic.

answer

glycosuria, ketonuria

question

The endocrine gland called the _____ may play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms synchronized with light and dark.

answer

pineal gland

question

The inner core of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal _____.

answer

medulla

question

Endocrinology involves the study of cells that:

answer

secrete hormones

question

Inadequate hormone release is referred to as:

answer

hyposecretion

question

Name the hormone that stimulates sperm production.

answer

follicle stimulating hormone

question

The hormone ______ directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life.

answer

testosterone

question

Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls gene:

answer

transcription

question

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines and hormones are all mechanisms by which cells:

answer

communicate

question

A small cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and other intercellular messengers is a pancreatic ______.

answer

islet

question

List several hyperclycemin (raises blood glucose levels) hormones.

answer

glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone

question

The chemical class of hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four-ringed backbone are classified as _____ hormone.

answer

steroid

question

The pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior is called the neurophysis and the anterior is called the ______.

answer

adenohypophysis

question

The hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that helps maintain blood pressure and volume is:

answer

aldosterone

question

The groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex called _____ have various developmental and reproductive functions.

answer

sex steroids

question

The kidneys secrete the hormones ____ and ____.

answer

calcitrol, erythropoietin

question

Theca and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle produce estrogen while the corpus luteum produces the hormone _____.

answer

progesterone

question

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called ______ because it can cause vasoconstriction at very high levels.

answer

arginine vasopressin

question

The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called _______, which are filled with a protein-rich colloid.

answer

hyroid follicles

question

The roles of estrogen and progesterone include:

answer

contribute to the development of the reproductive system, promote adolescent bone growth, regulation of the menstrual cycle

question

Name endocrine organs.

answer

testes

question

The anterior pituitary hormones, follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone are classified as _____ hormones because they target and stimulate the release of hormones from the gonads.

answer

gonadotropin

question

Describe the effect of long term exposure to cortisol on the immune system.

answer

cortisol depresses the immune system

question

The hormone _____ stimulates mitosis and cellular differentation and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body.

answer

growth hormone (GH)

question

List the hormones produced by the liver.

answer

erythropoietin, hepcidin, insulin-like growth factor

question

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete neurotransmitters called:

answer

catecholamines

question

The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ______.

answer

glucagon

Chapter 17- The Endocrine System Practice Problems – Flashcards

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