chapter 17 learning curve – Flashcards
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How did manifest destiny inform U.S. Indian policy during the nineteenth century?
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The perception of the United States' "God-given" right to spread the values of white civilization justified the removal of Indians from their native lands.
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What happened to the Apaches after Geronimo surrendered to General Miles in 1886?
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Five hundred Apaches were sent as prisoners to Florida
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Of the workforce that built the Central Pacific Railroad, Chinese laborers made up
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90%
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Who were the Exodusters of the late-nineteenth-century West?
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The freed African Americans who moved west and settled in Kansas
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Why did the Battle of the Little Big Horn become a part of national mythology?
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Custer and his troops engaged the Sioux despite being vastly outnumbered and were quickly annihilated.
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What did participants in the Ghost Dance hope to bring about in the late nineteenth century?
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An apocalypse that would restore old Indian ways
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What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibit?
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Chinese immigration to the U.S.
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How did the federal government act with regard to many western territories in the late nineteenth century?
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It practiced a policy of benign neglect by paying little attention to most western territories.
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Who founded the Indian Rights Association in 1882?
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White easterners who sought to end tribal communalism and foster individualism
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How did mining companies along the Comstock react to unions?
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The companies negotiated with unions due to a scarcity of skilled labor.
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Why did so many homesteaders have difficulty establishing themselves as stable farmers in the West?
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Most of the best land had already been claimed by speculators and railroad companies.
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What was the U.S. government's post-Civil War policy toward Native Americans?
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Removal of all Native Americans to a safe place where they would be rendered helpless
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How did Indian agents respond when Native American parents resisted sending their children to school in the late nineteenth century?
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They dispatched the military to kidnap the children
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Which of the following explains the changing working conditions for miners in the late-nineteenth-century West?
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The scarcity of skilled labor allowed for the early formation of unions
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By 1900, what proportion of Americans lived in rural areas?
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66%
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Why did Dakota Chief Little Crow abandon his policy of accommodation?
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His people were on the verge of starvation as a result of their accommodation to white settlers.
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What did powerful labor unions along the Comstock provide to their workers?
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Considerable bargaining power on wages
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How did the majority of Western farmers acquire their land between 1860 and 1900?
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Purchases from railroad companies or speculators
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What was one of the consequences of the November 1864 massacre at Sand Creek where Colonel John M. Chivington and his Colorado militia killed 270 Cheyenne?
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Chivington and his men were hailed as heroes by the city of Denver.
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What consequences did the Dawes Act have for white settlers?
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It increased the amount of land available to white settlers.
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Who were "sodbusters" in the late-nineteenth-century West?
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These were poor homesteaders in the West who lived without basic necessities in houses made of sod.
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Why were whites alarmed by the Ghost Dance religion?
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The religion spread quickly across the plains and many Indians took part in the rituals.
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hich of the following best assesses the impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act on Chinese Americans in the late nineteenth century?
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The Exclusion Act led to a sharp drop in the Chinese population.
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What development forced Mexican cowboys, or vaqueros, to give up their trade?
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The end of long cattle drives after 1880
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What was the biggest killer of Native Americans in the West?
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disease
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What were relations between different Indian tribes like in the late nineteenth century?
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Different Indian tribes were sometimes in conflict, while at other times they coexisted peacefully.
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What happened to the Californios after they were granted U.S. citizenship by the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
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They were subject to intense discrimination.
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Military intervention and the expansion of mining forced the Northern Paiute and Bannock Shoshoni along the Comstock to
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find ways to adapt and preserve their culture.
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hy did the U.S. Congress appropriate funds for Indian education in 1877?
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To remove Native American children from their families to encourage their assimilation
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What did whites and Hispanics fight over in northern New Mexico in the wake of the Civil War?
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ranch land
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nder the Dawes Act, what did Native Americans receive along with their allotment of land?
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american citzenship
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How did Congress's 1871 decision to stop dealing with Indians as sovereign nations and treat them instead as wards of the state affect Indian policy?
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It allowed U.S. policymakers to ignore previous treaties with Indians.
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Which group formed the largest ethnic group in Nevada's Virginia City in the 1870s?
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irish
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What occurrence led to the end of the Nez Percé war of 1877?
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Chief Joseph's famous surrender "I will fight no more forever"
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Which of the following best characterizes President Grant's "peace policy" toward the Indians after the Civil War?
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It was designed to segregate and control Indians while opening land to white settlers.
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How did Americans succeed in conquering the tenacious tribes of Plains Indians in the 1860s?
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They decimated the bison herds, which had been Plains Indians' food supply.
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Why was the army's tactic of burning and destroying everything in its path effective against the Comanche?
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The destruction of Comanche camps and supplies reduced the Indians' ability to fight and survive.
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Why did members of the Indian Rights Association support the dismantling of reservations?
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They viewed the segregation of Indians on communal reservations as holding Indians back.
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Which of the following best characterizes the end result of the Dawes Act of 1887?
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The act dramatically reduced Native American land holdings.
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Which of the following reasons explains why the Utah territorial legislature approved the first universal woman suffrage act in the nation in 1870?
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Utah lawmakers wanted to counter criticism of the Mormon practice of polygamy.
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Why did the Lakota Sioux refuse to relinquish or sell their claim to the Black Hills?
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The tribe had long regarded the area as sacred.
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What name was given to African American members of the military who served in the West during the Indian Wars?
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buffalo soldiers
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Which of the following sums up how Americans who called themselves "friends of the Indians" characterized Indian reservations?
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Stepping-stones to civilization
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Why did white Americans no longer want to create reservations for Native Americans in the 1880s?
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Americans now favored an allotment policy that encouraged assimilation and property ownership.
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What was the result of the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862 (also known as the Santee Uprising)?
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The largest mass execution in U.S. history
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What did hide hunters do with the bison they killed on the southern plains?
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They skinned the bison and left the remainder of the carcasses to rot on the plains.
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How did the U.S. Army wage war against Indians of the Great Plains after 1871?
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The army adopted General Sherman's tactics of burning and destroying.
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What was Nevada's Comstock Lode?
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The richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent
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What was the outcome of the Battle of the Little Big Horn or "Custer's Last Stand"?
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The Sioux killed Custer and his men, but surrendered shortly afterward.
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What had the Comanche based their empire on?
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Horses and captives
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How did the Comstock discovery change the practice of mining in the late-nineteenth-century West?
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The Comstock discovery sped up the transition from small-scale industry to corporate oligopoly.
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How did life for children change in the Indian schools of the late nineteenth century?
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They were removed from their families and had to adopt new names and new clothing.
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Which factor led to the near extinction of the bison following the Civil War?
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The nation's growing transcontinental rail system
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What was an unforeseen consequence of sending children to assimilationist Indian schools?
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It created generations of Indians from different tribes who used their common knowledge of the English language to build alliances.
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How did Indians survive after the decimation of buffalo herds in the latter 1870s?
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Nomadic Indians grew dependent on stingy allotments on reservations.
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How did the mining boom shape Virginia City in Nevada in the 1870s?
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The industrial dimension of mining turned the western town into an urban industrial center like Pittsburgh.
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Which of the following defines Comanchería?
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A complex Indian empire based on trade in horses, hides, guns, and captives
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Why did the Chinese population in the West drop precipitously in the twenty years after the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
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Chinese immigrants had been overwhelmingly male and did not have families to sustain their population.
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The easiest way to get rich on the Comstock was to
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form a mining company and sell shares of stock.
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How did Comanche and Kiowa Indians use reservations to resist white Americans?
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They used the reservations as seasonal supply bases during the winter and resumed nomadic hunting in spring.
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Congress passed the 1887 Dawes Allotment Act in order to
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divide reservations and allot parcels of land to individual Indians
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How did the Dawes Allotment Act try to transform Native American life in the 1880s?
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The law sought to turn Indians into land-owning farm families.
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What role did San Francisco play in the silver rush of the Nevada Comstock Lode?
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The San Francisco stock market served to finance Comstock mining operations.
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Which occurrence instigated the massacre of Sitting Bull's tribe at Wounded Knee?
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A gun misfired as the Indians were laying down their weapons.
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How did a group of Apache renegades under the leadership of Geronimo defy the federal government in 1885?
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They raided and burned ranches and towns and then eluded government troops for five months.
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Which of the following characterizes Indian resistance and survival in the late nineteenth century?
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Indian tribes resisted the end of their way of life in a variety of ways.
