Chapter 17: Industrializing America – Flashcards
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Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful?
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Andrew Carnegie
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Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant?
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The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.
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Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War?
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A higher standard of living
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Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")?
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Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.
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After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to
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The dominance of large corporations.
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As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from?
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Water to coal.
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New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century?
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Cost accounting.
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Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using?
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Assembly lines.
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What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common?
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They succeeded through vertical integration.
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Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations?
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Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.
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Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers?
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Refrigerated car
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Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century?
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Horizontal integration
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The United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of?
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The Bessemer process
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How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s?
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Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust
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What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture?
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Catalogs
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Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers?
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Ladies' Home Journal
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Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century?
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More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.
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Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century?
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Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.
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Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century?
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They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.
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Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s?
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Machinists
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Which of the following was a consequence of mass production?
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Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.
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The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages?
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Mass production increased workers' output.
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"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to?
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Scientific management
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The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was?
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Resistance from workers.
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Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America?
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Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.
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Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890?
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Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.
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New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from?
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Southern and Eastern Europe
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During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker?
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Wales.
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Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920?
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They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.
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Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century?
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They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.
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Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century?
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They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.
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The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by
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Barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.
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Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
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Gender and race
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Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union?
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The American Federation of Labor
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Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics?
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Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.
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The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry?
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Railroads
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What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common?
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Government troops helped put down both strikes
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Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry?
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sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families.
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Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s?
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Inflation
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State Granger laws were designed primarily to?
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Regulate big business.
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In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated?
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By excluding the Chinese.
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The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform?
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Workplace safety laws.
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Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant?
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The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.
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In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to?
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Give farmers access to cheap credit
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The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to?
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The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
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What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887?
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To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education
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Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)?
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Sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates.
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Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century?
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The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions
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Collective bargaining
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Union negotiates with the employer for all the employees.
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The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon?
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Businesses creating demand for brand names.
