question

psychotherapy

answer

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

question

is not

answer

there ___ (is/is not) consistent evidence that client-therapist ethnic or gender matches enhance therapy outcome

question

better

answer

Clients who experience some anxiety do ___ (better/worse) in psychotherapy

question

licensed

answer

clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, counselling psychologist, school psychologist, clinical social worker, mental health counsellor, psychiatric nurse, pastoral counsellor

question

unlicensed

answer

religious, vocational, and rehabilitation counsellors and art therapists

question

paraprofessional

answer

person with no professional training who provides mental health services

question

paraprofessionals

answer

Tend to help compensate for the sizable gap between the high demand for and meagre supply of licensed practitioners

question

little or no

answer

most studies reveal ___ differences between more and less experienced therapists

question

psychodynamic therapies

answer

treatments inspired by classical psychoanalysis and influenced by Freud's techniques (but less costly, less frequent, and briefer than psychoanalysis)

question

insight therapies

answer

psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

question

psychodynamic therapists

answer

believe that causes of abnormal behaviours, including unconscious conflicts, wishes, and impulses, stem from traumatic or other aversive childhood experiences.

question

psychodynamic therapy

answer

goal of ___; When clients achieve insight into previously unconscious material, the causes and the significant of symptoms will become evident, often causing symptoms to disappear.

question

free association

answer

technique in which clients express themselves without any censorship of any sort

question

interpretation

answer

psychodynamic therapy; From the client's string of free associations, analysts form hypotheses regarding the origin of the client's difficulties and share them with him or her

question

dream analysis

answer

therapists try to determine the latent (hidden) content from the dream's manifest (observable) content

question

latent

answer

hidden

question

manifest

answer

observable

question

resistance

answer

psychodynamic therapy; Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses

question

resistance

answer

Clients express ___ in many ways, including skipping therapy sessions or drawing a blank when the therapist asks a question about past painful moments; all forms stall progress in psychodynamic therapy

question

transference

answer

Projecting intense, unrealistic feelings from their past onto the therapist

question

working through

answer

Final stage of psychoanalysis; therapists help clients process their problems

question

neo-freudian

answer

approach that is more concerned with conscious aspects of client's functioning than psychoanalysis

question

individuation

answer

Jung emphasized ____: the integration of opposing aspects of the personality into a harmonious whole (the self); achieved by considering future goals as well as past experiences

question

Neo-freudians

answer

also emphasize the impact of cultural and interpersonal influences on behaviour across the lifespan

question

participant observer

answer

Sullivan contended that the analyst's proper role is that of a ____

question

interpersonal therapy; neo-freudian

answer

____ ; treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions; part of the ____ approach

question

interpersonal therapy

answer

Originally a treatment for depression; has demonstrated success in treating substance abuse and eating disorders

question

false

answer

current difficulties often stem from the repression of traumatic events (ex: child abuse)

question

psychodynamic therapies

answer

better than no treatment but may be less effective than cognitive-behavioural therapies, which don't emphasize insight

question

psychodynamic

answer

___ therapy isn't especially effective for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia

question

humanistic therapies

answer

therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

question

humanistic therapies

answer

includes emphasis on insight and self-actualization

question

humanistic therapists

answer

reject interpretive techniques of psychoanalysis; instead strive to understand client's inner worlds through empathy and focus on clients' thoughts and feelings in the present moment

question

humanistic

answer

____ therapists share a desire to help people overcome the sense of alienation, develop sensory and emotional awareness, to express creativity, and to help them become loving, responsible, and authentic

question

person-centered

answer

therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems; key figure: Carl Rogers

question

nondirective therapy

answer

when therapists don't define or diagnose clients' problems or try to get at the root cause of their difficulties

question

unconditional positive regard

answer

nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expresses; PC therapy

question

reflection

answer

mirroring back the clients' feelings; PC therapy

question

motivational

answer

___ interviewing; techniques including warmth and empathy, reflective listening, unconditional acceptance, and avoiding confrontation

question

gestalt

answer

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

question

gestalt (configuration)

answer

an organized whole

question

gestalt

answer

___ therapists believe that people with psychological difficulties are incomplete wholes because they exclude from their awareness experiences and aspects of their personalities that trigger anxiety

question

two-chair technique

answer

Gestalt therapy; clients asked to move from chair to chair to create a dialogue with two conflicting aspects of their personality

question

stronger

answer

therapeutic relationship is typically a ___ predictor of success in therapy than the use of specific techniques

question

group therapy

answer

therapy that treats more than one person at a time

question

self help groups

answer

composed of peers who share a similar problem; often do not include a professional mental illness specialist

question

behavioural

answer

Contrary to the AA philosophy, ___ view assumes that excessive drinking is a learned behaviour that therapists can modify and control without total abstinence

question

relapse prevention treatment

answer

assumes that many people with alcoholism will at some point experience a lapse , or slip, and resume drinking; teaches people not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when they lapse

question

abstinence violation effect

answer

negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking

question

family therapists

answer

see most psychological problems as rooted in a dysfunctional family system; treatment must focus on the family context out of which conflicts presumably arise

question

strategic family interventions

answer

Approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication; family therpapy

question

directives

answer

planed tasks that shift how family members solve problems and interact

question

paradoxical requests

answer

directives often involve ____, which many of us associate with the concept of reverse psychology

question

structural family therapy

answer

Treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

question

behavioural

answer

___ therapists; focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

question

systematic desensitization

answer

patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a step-wise manner; exposure therapy technique

question

exposure therapy

answer

therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

question

reciprocal inhibition

answer

systematic desensitization is based on the principle of ____; - clients cant experience two conflicting responses simultaneously (i.e. cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time)

question

counterconditioning

answer

Wolpe; pairing an incompatible relation response with anxiety to condition a more adaptive response to anxiety-arousing stimuli

question

dismantling

answer

research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment

question

flooding

answer

___ therapists jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose clients to images for the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods

question

response prevention

answer

technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours

question

thought field therapy

answer

claim that touching body parts in a set order can play a role in treating long-standing phobias resistant to treatment by other means; strange procedures supposedly remove the invisible energy blocks associated with a specific fear

question

participant modelling

answer

technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

question

modelling

answer

an important part of assertion and social skills training programs designed to help clients with social anxiety

question

assertion training

answer

Primary goals are to facilitate the expression of thoughts and feelings in a forthright and socially appropriate manner to ensure the clients aren't taken advantage of ignored, or denied their legitimate rights

question

assertiveness

answer

the middle ground between submissiveness and aggressiveness

question

behavioural rehearsal

answer

Client-engages in role-playing with a therapist to learn and practice new skills; used in assertion training and other participant modelling techniques

question

token economy

answer

method in which desirable behaviours are awarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards; widely used in treatment programs in institutional and residential settings

question

operant conditioning

answer

token economies shape, maintain, or alter behaviours by the consistent application of ____ principles

question

aversion therapies

answer

treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours

question

cognitive behavioural therapies

answer

Treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions

question

rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)

answer

pioneered by Albert Ellis; cognitive in its emphasis on changing how we think, but also focuses on how we act

question

activating event, belief systems, behavioural consequences

answer

ABC's of rational emotive behavioural therapy (Ellis)

question

rational beliefs

answer

are flexible, logical, and promote self-acceptance

question

irrational beliefs

answer

are associated with unrealistic demands about the self, others, and life conditions

question

irrational beliefs

answer

According to Ellis, our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the frequency and strength of our ___

question

dispute irrational beliefs, adopt effective rational beliefs

answer

D & E: describes how REBT therapists treat clients

question

cognitive therapy

answer

Beck's approach; has been found to be helpful for people with depression and perhaps even bipolar disorder and schizophrenia; places somewhat greater emphasis on behavioural procedures

question

stress inoculation training

answer

Meichenbaum; training that teaches clients to prepare for and cope with future life events; has been applied successfully to children and adults facing medical and surgical procedures, public speaking and exams, as well as to clients with anger problems

question

third wave

answer

Instead of trying to change maladaptive behaviours and negative thoughts, ____ therapies assist clients with accepting all aspects of their experience - thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations - that they've avoided or suppressed

question

acceptance and commitment therapy

answer

___ practitioners teach clients that negative thoughts are just thoughts, and encourage them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings and act in keeping with their goals and values

question

dialectical behavioural therapy

answer

Linehan's ____ is used frequently in the treatment of clients with borderline personality disorder at risk for suicide; encourages clients to accept their intense emotions while actively attempting to cope with these emotions by making changes in their lives

question

eclectic approaches

answer

treatments that integrate techniques and theories from more than one approach

question

behavioural activation

answer

getting clients to participate in reinforcing activities - is a key component of many third wave and CBT approaches, and is emerging as a key element of successful psychotherapy

question

Dodo bird effect

answer

refers to the conclusion that all therapies are equivalent in their effects

question

meta-analysis

answer

a statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature

question

behavioural, cognitive behavioural

answer

___ and ____ treatments are clearly more effective for children and adolescents with behavioural problems; also out-perform most other therapies for anxiety disorders

question

psychotherapies

answer

some ___ can make people worse; ex: crisis debriefing can sometimes increase the risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in people exposed to trauma

question

common factors

answer

Probable reason why many therapies are comparable in effectiveness; cut across many therapies and are responsible for improvement across diverse treatments

question

common factors

answer

Include empathetic listening, instilling hope, establishing a strong emotional bond with clients, providing a clear theoretical rationale for treatment, implementing techniques that offer new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

question

specific factors

answer

those that characterize only certain therapies (ex: exposure, challenging irrational beliefs, social skills training); may or may not enhance treatment effectiveness beyond common factors

question

scientist-practitioner gap

answer

refers to the sharp cleft between psychologists who view psychotherapy as more an art than a science, and those who believe that clinical practice should primarily reflect well-replicated scientific findings

question

empirically supported treatments

answer

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence (ex: behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety)

question

spontaneous remission

answer

Many psychological problems are self-limiting or cyclical and improve w/o intervention

question

placebo effect

answer

can lead to significant symptom relief by instilling hope and reassurance

question

self-serving bias

answer

Even when they don't improve, clients who are strongly invested in psychotherapy and have spent a lot of money can persuade themselves they have been helped

question

regression to the mean

answer

Statistical fact of life that extreme scores tend to become less extreme on retesting

question

retrospective re-writing of the past

answer

May believe we have improved because we misremember our initial level of adjustment as worse than it was

question

bibliotherapy

answer

i.e. self-help books

question

biomedical treatments

answer

directly alter the brain's chemistry or physiology

question

psychopharmacology

answer

use of medication to treat psychological problems

question

SSRI, serotonin

answer

Phenomenal popularity of the ___ anti-depressants, including Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil, which boost levels of the neurotransmitter ____

question

sensitivity, neuron receptors, levels, neurotransmitters

answer

Many medications may exert their effects largely by affecting the ____ of the ____ rather than the ____ of ____

question

polypharmacy

answer

prescribing many medications at the same time

question

caudate nucleus, CBT, SSRI

answer

Researchers detected decreased metabolic activity in the ___ (brain region overactive in OCD) in patients who received ___ or an ___ (Prozac)

question

limbic system, CBT, anti-anxiety

answer

reduced activity in___structures (house brain's reaction to threats) in patients receiving ___ or ____ medication (Citalopram) for social phobias

question

electroconvulsive therapy

answer

patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems

question

ECT

answer

Administered to patients with severe depression that hasn't responded to other treatments

question

serotonin, hippocampus

answer

ECT may be helpful because it increases levels of ___ in the brain and stimulates growth of brain cells in the ___

question

psychosurgery

answer

Brain surgery to treat psychological problems

question

psychosurgery

answer

Most radical and controversial of all biomedical treatments

Chapter 16: Treatments – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards