Chapter 15 ONCOLOGY – Flashcards
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Abnormal cells have invasive characteristics, infiltrate other tissues
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Metastasis
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Disease process that begins when abnormal cell is transformed by genetic mutation of cellular DNA
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Cancer
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Demonstrate uncontrolled growth that does not follow physiologic demand
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Malignant cancer cells
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What do lymphs do?
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Filter
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Hair loss
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Alopecia
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pattern of growth in which cells lack normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually anaplastic cells are malignant.
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Anaplasia
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growth of new blood vessels that allows cancer cells to grow.
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Angiogenesis
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Not cancerous; these tumors may grow but are unable to spread to other organs or body parts.
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Benign
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The use of agents or treatment methods that can alter the immunologic relationship between the tumor and the host to provide a therapeutic benefit.
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BRM therapy (Biologic response modifier)
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A diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed and examined microscopically to detect malignant cells.
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Biopsy
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Delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants
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Brachytherapy
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Process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells.
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Carcinogenesis
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Chemicals, physical factors and other agents that cause cancer
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Carcinogens
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The use of medications to kill tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and reproduction.
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Chemotherapy
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Containment of the growth of cancer cells
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Control
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Prolonged survival and disappearance of all evidence of disease so that the patient has the same life expectancy as anyone else in his or her age group
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Cure
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Substances produced primarily by cells of the immune system to enhance production and functioning of components of the immune system.
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Cytokines
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Leakage of medication from the veins into the subcutaneous tissues
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Extravasation
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Identifying the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the functional and structural characteristics of the tissue of origin.
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Grading
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An immune response initiated by T lymphocytes of donor tissue against the recipients tissues (skin, GI tract, liver) an undesirable response.
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Graft-versus-host-disease
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the donor cell response against the malignancy ; a desired response
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Graft versus tumor effect
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Having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer.
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Malignant
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Inflammation of the ling of the GI tract often associated with cancer therapies
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Mucositis
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Suppression of the blood cell producing function to the bone marrow.
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Myelosuppression
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Lowest point of white blood cell depression after therapy that has toxic effects on the bone marrow.
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Nadir
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Uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand.
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Neoplasia
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Abnormally low absolute neutrophil count
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Neutropenia
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Field or study of cancer
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Oncology
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Relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and quality of life
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Palliation
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The use of ionizing radiation to kill malignant cells
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Radiation therapy
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Process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites.
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Staging
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Inflammation of the oral tissues, often associated with some chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to the head and neck region.
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Stomatitis
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Cancer treatments that seek to minimize the negative effects on healthy tissues by disrupting specific cancer cell functions, such as malignant transformation communication pathways, processes for growth and metastasis and genetic coding.
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Targeted therapies
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Decrease in the number of circulating platelets; associated with the potential for bleeding.
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Thrombocytopenia
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Protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type.
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Tumor specific antigen
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Substance that can cause tissue necrosis and damage
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Vesicant
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Dry oral cavity resulting from decreased function of salivary glands.
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Xerostomia
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True or false? Mitosis (cell division) occurs more rapidly in malignant cells than in normal cells.
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True
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What are the 2 key mechanisms by which cancer cells spread?
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Lymph and blood
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What is the 3 step process to malignant transformation or carcinogenesis?
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Initiation, promotion and progression
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Agents that initiate or promote cellular transformation
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Carcinogens
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Which gene determines whether a cancer cell lives or dies?
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P53 gene or TP53 gene
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True or false? Genetic factors play a role in cancer cell development
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True
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What are some examples of hormonal changes related to the female reproductive cycle that are associated with breast cancer incidence?
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Early onset of menses (before age 12), delayed onset of menopause (after age 55) Nulliparity Delayed childbirth (after age 30
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What are some dietary factors that increase the risk of cancer?
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Fats alcohol salt cured or smoked meats nitrate and nitrite containing foods red and processed meats
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What is an example of Primary Prevention?
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Education and Health Promotion
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What are some examples of Secondary Prevention?
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Screening and early detection activities such as pap, mammogram, PSA blood tests, colonoscopy
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Efforts that focus on monitoring for and preventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for developments of second malignancies in cancer survivors.
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Tertiary Prevention
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Next, the TNM Classification System
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.........
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T means
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The extent of the primary tumor
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N means
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The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis
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M means
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The absence or presence of distant metastasis
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The use of TNM components indicates what?
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The progressive extent of the malignant disease
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Tx
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Primary tumor cannot be assessed
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T0
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No evidence of primary tumor
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Tis
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Carcinoma in situ
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T1,T2,T3,T4
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Increasing size and or local extent of the primary tumor
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Nx
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Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
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N0
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No regional lymph node metastasis
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N1,N2, N3
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Increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
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Mx
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Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
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M0
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No distant metastasis
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M1
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Distant metastasis
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Cancer Found in one area is considered to be ?
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In situ
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When would a pt become eligible for hospice care?
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When a pt has exhausted all avenues and only has 6 mo or less to live
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A type of surgery to relieve stress on the body, not to cure it, but so the patient is more comfortable
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Palliative Surgery
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Chemotherapy can be given orally or thru IV, True or False?
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True
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After a pt has genetic testing and is a risk for breast cancer, what type of surgery might they have?
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Prophylactic Surgery
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Approximately ___% of patients receive radiation therapy at some point during treatment.
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60%
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What does the cell kill, cell cycle do?
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It reduces the multiplication of Cancer cells
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A pt receiving chemo should eat what type of diet?
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BRAT Bananas Rice Applesauce Toast They should not eat or drink anything acidic or carbonated
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What are the most common side effects of chemo therapy affecting the GI system
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N & V (24-48 hours with delayed n&v up to one week of adm.
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Depression of bone marrow function, resulting in decreased WBC's, granulocytes and RBC's
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Myelosuppression
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When are blood counts at their lowest after chemo?
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7-14 days after chemo
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During the 2 weeks when blood counts are at their lowest, what should the nurse expect the pt to have?
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Fever
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Testicular and ovarian function can be affected by chemo agents resulting in possible?
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Sterility
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What symptoms of chemotherapy are associated with the neurological system?
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Tingling, pricking or numbness of the extremities, burning or freezing pain, sharp, stabbing or electric shock like pain and extreme sensitivity to touch.
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Alkylating-like agent (form a reactive electrophile that covalently bind to DNA
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Oxiliplatin
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What should people on oxiliplatin avoid ?
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Avoid drinking cold fluids, avoid going outside with hands and feet exposed to cold temps to avoid exacerbation of symptoms.
