Chapter 14-Drugs for anxiety and insomnia – Flashcards
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social anxiety
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A fear of crowds.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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Involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts or repetitive behaviors that interfere with normal activities or relationships.
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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A type of situational anxiety that develops in response to reexperiencing a previous life event.
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limbic system
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An area in the middle of the brain responsible for emotional expression, learning, and memory.
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reticular formation
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A network of neurons found along the entire length of the brainstem.
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reticular activating system (RAS)
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A structure that projects from the brainstem to the thalamus. Is responsible for sleeping and wakefulness and performs an alerting function for the entire cerebral cortex.
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anxiolytics
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Drugs having the ability to relieve anxiety.
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short-term or behavioral insomnia
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May be attributed to stress caused by a hecti lifestyle or the inability to resolve day-to-day conflicts within the home environment or the workplace.
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long-term insomnia
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Often caused by depression, manic disorders, and chronic pain.
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rebound insomnia
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A condition that occurs when a sedative drug is discontinued abruptly or after it has been taken for a long time; sleeplessness and symptoms of anxiety then become markedly worse.
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REM sleep
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Paradoxical sleep, because the brain wave pattern of this stage is similar to that when persons are drowsy but awake.
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sleep debt
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When test subjects are deprived of REM sleep, they experience this and become frightened, irritable, paranoid, and reaction time is slowed.
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sedatives
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Medications that depress the CNS, and have the ability to sedate or relax a client.
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hypnotics
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Higher doses of CNS drugs that have the ability to induce sleep.
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sedative-hypnotic
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Describes a drug with the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to induce sleep at higher doses.
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tranquilizer
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Sometimes used to describe a drug that produces a calm or tranquil feeling.
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antidepressant
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Used mainly to treat depression or depression that accompanied anxiety in the past.
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Key concept
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Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety; phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, and post-traumatic stress disorders are other important categories.
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Key concept
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The limbic system and the reticular activating system are specific regions of the brain responsible for anxiety and wakefulness.
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Key concept
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Anxiety can be managed through pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies.
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Key concept
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Insomnia is a sleep disorder that may be caused by anxiety. Nonpharmacological means should be attempted prior to initiating pharmacotherapy.
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Key concept
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The electroencephalogram records brain waves and is used to diagnose sleep and seizure disorders.
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Key concept
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CNS agents, including anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics, are used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
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Key concept
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When taken properly, antidepressants can reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety. Primary medications include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
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Key concept
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Benzodiazepines are drugs of choice for generalized anxiety and insomnia.
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Key concept
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Because of their side effects and high potential for dependency, barbiturates are rarely used to treat insomnia.
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Key concept
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Some commonly prescribed agents and CNS depressants not related to the benzodiazepines or barbiturates are used for the treatment of anxiety and sleeplessness.
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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Apprehension, tension, or uneasiness lasting for 6 months or longer and causing considerable stress.
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limbic and reticular activating system (RAS)
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Two importanat sets of brain structures associated with anxiety. One connected with emotion, the other, projecting from the brainstem and connected with alertness.
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anxiolytics
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Classes of drugs prescribed to relax patitents.
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hypnotics
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Classes of drugs used to help patients to sleep.
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GABA receptor-chloride channel molecule
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Diazepam (Valium) reduces anxiety by binding to this receptor in the brain.
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benzodiazepines
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This drug class is usually prescribed for short-term insomnia caused by anxiety.
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barbiturates
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A class of drugs that reduces anxiety, causes drowsiness, and promotes sleep when administered at higher doses.
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respiratory depression
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A fatal symptom often associated with an overdose of barbiturates or other CNS depressants.
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Schedule IV
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The level assigned to many benzodiazepines.
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Schedule III
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The level assigned to some barbiturates.
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Seasonal affective disorder
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A form of depression associated with reduced release of melatonin.
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Sedative and sedative-hypnotic drugs
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Affects non-REM and REM sleep the most.
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benzodiazepines
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Class containing drugs that act by binding GABA, intensifying the effect, without causing respiratory depression unless taken with other CNS depressants.
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barbiturates
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Class containing older agents rarely prescribed due to safer agents, commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia.
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nonbenzodiazepines, nonbarbiturate sedatives
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Beginning in the early 1900s, the drug classification that has been used to control seizures, insomnia, and anxiety.
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melatonin
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A chemical related to tryptophan, sold OTC.
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anticholinergics
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Class containing antihistamines, used in OTC sleep aids that do not cause dependency.
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Secobarbital (Seconal)
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Barbiturate for short-term sedation.
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Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
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Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic
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Zolpidem (Ambien)
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Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia.
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Prazepam (Centrax)
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Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic.
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Amobarbital (Amytal)
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Barbiturate for short-term relief of insomnia.
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Triazolam (Halcion)
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Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia.
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panic
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A term that describes episodes of immediate and intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror.
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anxiolytics
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These drugs are meant to address anxiety on a more limited basis.
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long-term administration to treat phobias, OCD, and PTSD
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An inappropriate use of benzodiazepines.
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sedative, hypnotic, & tranquilizer
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Terms that describe benzodiazepines.
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Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
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One of the first drugs used for anxiety treatment.
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benzodiazepines, barbiturates, & nonbarbiturates, nonbenzodiazepine sedatives
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CNS depressants include these drug classes.
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supplement are often recommended for insomnia
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True statement about reestablishing a healthful sleep regimen
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A time during which insomnia and symptoms of anxiety may worsen
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rebound insomnia
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Melatonin is not regulated by the FDA, but sold OTC without a prescription
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Appropriate patient teaching for melatonin
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patients with normal sleep patterns move from non-REM to REM sleep about every 90 minutes
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True statement regarding sleep stages and patterns
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Becoming frightened, irritable, paranoid, and emotionally disturbed
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These items have been linked to sleep deprivation
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Stimulates liver enzymes and thus may increase its own metabolism with repeated dosing
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Describes phenobarbital
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respiratory depression
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Benzodiazepines must be given with caution when given parenterally due to this risk.
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may act by binding to brain dopamine and serotonin receptors
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Best describes buspirone (BuSpar)
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