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situational anxiety

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Anxiety experienced by people faced with a stressful environment.

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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A difficult-to-control, excessive anxiety that lasts 6 months or more. It focuses on a variety of life events or activities, and interferes with normal day-to-day functions.

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panic disorder

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Characterized by intense feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror, or impending doom, accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activity.

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phobias

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Fearful feelings attached to situations or objects.

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social anxiety

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A fear of crowds.

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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Involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts or repetitive behaviors that interfere with normal activities or relationships.

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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A type of situational anxiety that develops in response to reexperiencing a previous life event.

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limbic system

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An area in the middle of the brain responsible for emotional expression, learning, and memory.

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reticular formation

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A network of neurons found along the entire length of the brainstem.

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reticular activating system (RAS)

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A structure that projects from the brainstem to the thalamus. Is responsible for sleeping and wakefulness and performs an alerting function for the entire cerebral cortex.

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anxiolytics

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Drugs having the ability to relieve anxiety.

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short-term or behavioral insomnia

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May be attributed to stress caused by a hecti lifestyle or the inability to resolve day-to-day conflicts within the home environment or the workplace.

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long-term insomnia

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Often caused by depression, manic disorders, and chronic pain.

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rebound insomnia

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A condition that occurs when a sedative drug is discontinued abruptly or after it has been taken for a long time; sleeplessness and symptoms of anxiety then become markedly worse.

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REM sleep

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Paradoxical sleep, because the brain wave pattern of this stage is similar to that when persons are drowsy but awake.

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sleep debt

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When test subjects are deprived of REM sleep, they experience this and become frightened, irritable, paranoid, and reaction time is slowed.

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sedatives

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Medications that depress the CNS, and have the ability to sedate or relax a client.

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hypnotics

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Higher doses of CNS drugs that have the ability to induce sleep.

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sedative-hypnotic

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Describes a drug with the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to induce sleep at higher doses.

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tranquilizer

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Sometimes used to describe a drug that produces a calm or tranquil feeling.

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antidepressant

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Used mainly to treat depression or depression that accompanied anxiety in the past.

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Key concept

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Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety; phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, and post-traumatic stress disorders are other important categories.

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Key concept

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The limbic system and the reticular activating system are specific regions of the brain responsible for anxiety and wakefulness.

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Key concept

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Anxiety can be managed through pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies.

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Key concept

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Insomnia is a sleep disorder that may be caused by anxiety. Nonpharmacological means should be attempted prior to initiating pharmacotherapy.

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Key concept

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The electroencephalogram records brain waves and is used to diagnose sleep and seizure disorders.

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Key concept

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CNS agents, including anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics, are used to treat anxiety and insomnia.

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Key concept

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When taken properly, antidepressants can reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety. Primary medications include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

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Key concept

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Benzodiazepines are drugs of choice for generalized anxiety and insomnia.

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Key concept

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Because of their side effects and high potential for dependency, barbiturates are rarely used to treat insomnia.

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Key concept

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Some commonly prescribed agents and CNS depressants not related to the benzodiazepines or barbiturates are used for the treatment of anxiety and sleeplessness.

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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Apprehension, tension, or uneasiness lasting for 6 months or longer and causing considerable stress.

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limbic and reticular activating system (RAS)

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Two importanat sets of brain structures associated with anxiety. One connected with emotion, the other, projecting from the brainstem and connected with alertness.

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anxiolytics

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Classes of drugs prescribed to relax patitents.

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hypnotics

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Classes of drugs used to help patients to sleep.

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GABA receptor-chloride channel molecule

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Diazepam (Valium) reduces anxiety by binding to this receptor in the brain.

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benzodiazepines

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This drug class is usually prescribed for short-term insomnia caused by anxiety.

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barbiturates

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A class of drugs that reduces anxiety, causes drowsiness, and promotes sleep when administered at higher doses.

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respiratory depression

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A fatal symptom often associated with an overdose of barbiturates or other CNS depressants.

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Schedule IV

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The level assigned to many benzodiazepines.

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Schedule III

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The level assigned to some barbiturates.

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Seasonal affective disorder

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A form of depression associated with reduced release of melatonin.

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Sedative and sedative-hypnotic drugs

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Affects non-REM and REM sleep the most.

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benzodiazepines

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Class containing drugs that act by binding GABA, intensifying the effect, without causing respiratory depression unless taken with other CNS depressants.

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barbiturates

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Class containing older agents rarely prescribed due to safer agents, commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia.

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nonbenzodiazepines, nonbarbiturate sedatives

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Beginning in the early 1900s, the drug classification that has been used to control seizures, insomnia, and anxiety.

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melatonin

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A chemical related to tryptophan, sold OTC.

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anticholinergics

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Class containing antihistamines, used in OTC sleep aids that do not cause dependency.

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Secobarbital (Seconal)

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Barbiturate for short-term sedation.

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Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

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Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic

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Zolpidem (Ambien)

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Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia.

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Prazepam (Centrax)

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Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic.

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Amobarbital (Amytal)

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Barbiturate for short-term relief of insomnia.

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Triazolam (Halcion)

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Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia.

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panic

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A term that describes episodes of immediate and intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror.

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anxiolytics

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These drugs are meant to address anxiety on a more limited basis.

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long-term administration to treat phobias, OCD, and PTSD

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An inappropriate use of benzodiazepines.

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sedative, hypnotic, & tranquilizer

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Terms that describe benzodiazepines.

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Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

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One of the first drugs used for anxiety treatment.

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benzodiazepines, barbiturates, & nonbarbiturates, nonbenzodiazepine sedatives

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CNS depressants include these drug classes.

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supplement are often recommended for insomnia

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True statement about reestablishing a healthful sleep regimen

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A time during which insomnia and symptoms of anxiety may worsen

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rebound insomnia

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Melatonin is not regulated by the FDA, but sold OTC without a prescription

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Appropriate patient teaching for melatonin

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patients with normal sleep patterns move from non-REM to REM sleep about every 90 minutes

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True statement regarding sleep stages and patterns

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Becoming frightened, irritable, paranoid, and emotionally disturbed

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These items have been linked to sleep deprivation

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Stimulates liver enzymes and thus may increase its own metabolism with repeated dosing

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Describes phenobarbital

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respiratory depression

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Benzodiazepines must be given with caution when given parenterally due to this risk.

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may act by binding to brain dopamine and serotonin receptors

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Best describes buspirone (BuSpar)

Chapter 14-Drugs for anxiety and insomnia – Flashcards

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