question

Define CBD in one word

answer

Downtown

question

Four characteristics of a CBD

answer

-Less that 1% of urban land area -Accessible - Contains large % public, business, and consumer services -Focal point of region's transportation network

question

High threshold: defenition and example

answer

A store accessible to many people ex:Target, Sears, Macy's

question

High range: definition and example

answer

Specialists, with customers that don't come regularly ex:wedding dress store, custom tailor

question

Why are these(high range)shops decreasing?

answer

They are being trampled by high threshold stores/ cheaper to relocate to suburbs

question

Why are shops that appeal to business people increasing in the CBD?

answer

most business people work in the CBD, so they are likely to shop there during breaks

question

What discourages industrial and residential places in the CBD?

answer

High rents and low storage

question

What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?

answer

They are getting turned into tourist attractions

question

Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created an expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown

answer

CBDs can't leave downtown area so they expand underground and above ground (with skyscrapers)

question

Food Desert

answer

Area of a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

question

How is the underground utilized in cities?

answer

Garages, loading docks, pipes; anything you wouldn't want to see.

question

How is "land use" distributed within a typical skyscraper?

answer

Retail on the ground floor, and office buildings on the top(more expensive the higher you go). This usually applies EXCEPT in the Midwest where retail is usually on the second or middle floors so architects can connect buildings with sky-ways.

question

What is the only major U.S. city without a skyscraper? Why?

answer

Washington D.C., because they want to make the capital look threatening/important

question

What are the five zones in a concentric zone model(in order)? What are their purposes?

answer

1. CBD- non residential activities 2. Zone of transition- industry&poor quality housing; typically immigrants live here 3. Working class homes- modest older homes, working class lives here 4. Better resident city- new, more spacious houses(still middle class) 5. Commuter zone communities- bedroom communities, work in CBD, drive back to homes

question

What is the importance of the concentric zone model?

answer

1st model to explain the distribution of different social groups in urban areas

question

Sector model charecteristics

answer

- made by Homer Hoyt - sectors, not rings - as a city grows, it wedges from the middle, out - most $$ houses are in the outer edge - families live with the same income groups

question

Multiple nuclei model charecteristics

answer

-made by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman - more complex - same activities are attached to certain nodes same ethnicity/race live together

question

Census tracts

answer

Urban areas containing more (or equal to) 5,000 people correspond to neighborhood boundaries

question

Three types of data reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of a census tract

answer

1. # of nonwhites 2. Median income of families 3. % of adults that finished highschool

question

Social area analysis

answer

Comparing the distribution of characteristics to create overall picture where various kinds of people live

question

What are two things we can deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?

answer

-People tend to live with those similar to them -Where certain groups of people tend to live

question

Advantages of living ion the inner ring, near city centers

answer

Bigger houses, access to jobs, shops, and cultural focal points

question

Three points about the condition of European suburbs, where the poor live

answer

-Houses are newer -There are places for immigrants to go - Long commute to the city

question

Five ways the European CBD differs from the North American CBD

answer

1. Less skyscrapers 2. Has more churches/royal places 3. Parks in the middle of CBD 4. Narrower streets 5. groceries are in CBD

question

Latin American City model charecteristics

answer

- Made by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford - Wealthy people live in city along the commercial spine(restaurants, theaters, zoos, etc.) - Poorer people live along edge

question

Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities

answer

The elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains offices, shops, and amenities attractive to the elite. Services such as water and electricity are also readily available and reliable.

question

Squatter Settlement

answer

Places in a city with a very high, clustered, population that lacks services,schools,paved roads,telephones, and sewers

question

What are the causes of a squatter settlemem

answer

- Cities are unable to house rapidly growing amount of poor people - population is increasing because of NIR and migration for job opportunities

question

Services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement

answer

Latrines(Homemade sewers), water from central well, stolen electricity

question

Stages of development in a squatter settlement(3 stages)

answer

Camp on land or sleep on street----make primitive shelters out of cardboard, wood boxes, sackcloth, beverage cans----build tin roofs to structure space and create prominent appearance

question

Cities in Africa and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a coincidence because....

answer

European colonial policies created a cultural impact

question

Elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model

answer

Consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban residential and business areas that live together by a beltway or ring road

question

City

answer

Urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent self governing unit

question

Three basic characteristics of a city:

answer

Locally elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for essential services

question

Urbanized area

answer

Urban area w/ at least 50,000 inhabitants

question

Functional area of a city:

answer

Metropolitan statistical area

question

What does the MSA include?

answer

-urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 - country that city is located in - adjacent countries with high population density and large % of residents working in CBD

question

Megalopolis

answer

Greek word that means "great city"

question

Megalopolis from Boston to D.C.

answer

Boshwash Corridor

question

Council of government

answer

Cooperative agency

question

Annexation

answer

The process of legally adding land area to a city

question

What is required before an area can be annexed by a city?

answer

Majority of residents in affected area vote in favor of annexation

question

Density Gradient

answer

Density change in an Urban Area

question

What are two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years?

answer

1. Fewer people live in the center 2. Fewer differences in densities in Urban Areas

question

What is meant by the statement "the periphery of US cities looks like Swiss cheese"?

answer

Pockets of development and gaps of open space/land

question

Sprawl

answer

Progressive spread of development over a landscape

question

What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?

answer

Building new houses is restricted/ green belt around cities

question

Smart growth

answer

Legislation and regulations to limit suburb sprawl and preserved farmland

question

In what two ways are suburban areas segregated

answer

1. Segregated social classes 2. Segregated land uses

question

Zoning ordinance

answer

Law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

question

Two ways which the US government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens

answer

- pay 90% of cost of limited access highway -Supports police

question

Four ways demand for congested road is being reduced

answer

- congestion charges - tolls - permits - bons

question

What is a rush hour and how much of a city's traffic does it account for?

answer

4 consecutive minute periods that have heaviest traffic

question

Four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile

answer

-mass transit(less money) -less carbon footprint -fast/efficient -less time

question

Briefly explain ways cars may become more efficient in the future

answer

different energy sources=better for earth

question

What is the major problem faced by inner city residents?

answer

Poor conditions of housing

question

What is the inner city process known as filtering?

answer

Large houses built by wealthy families in 19th century are subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwellings for low-income families. Filtering is the process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of low income people.

question

Who builds and maintains public housing?

answer

-Housing authority established by local government builds public housing -Federal government maintains it

question

Reasons high rise public housing is unsatisfactory?

answer

-elevators frequently broken -juveniles terrorize people in hallway -drug use/crime rates are high

question

How are recent public housing projects different?

answer

Government has cut spending on public housing now its mostly nonprofit funding

question

Gentrifacation

answer

Process by which middle class people move into deteriorated city neighborhoods and renovate housing

question

What are three groups attracted to gentrified areas and why?

answer

-single people -couples without children -people working downtown

question

Why has gentrification been criticized?

answer

Gentrification is forcing low income families out of their houses because they can no longer afford property tax

question

Four specific social problems of the underclass

answer

-poor education for children -affordable housing is hard to find -lack of services -not able to compete for jobs

question

What financial crisis does the high proportion of low income residents in the inner city create?

answer

Eroding Tax Base

question

Two choices a city has in order to solve this problem

answer

-reduce service-cities can close libraries, eliminate bus routes, and cut other services (this discourages growth in the long run) -raise tax revenues-cut taxes for CBD in order to increase jobs for people

question

What two things are happening to homeowners who have been unable to repay their subprime loans?

answer

-foreclosure -debt(mortgage exceeds value of house)

Chapter 13- Key Issues 1-4 – Flashcards

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