Chapter 13- Key Issues 1-4 – Flashcards
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Why are these(high range)shops decreasing?
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They are being trampled by high threshold stores/ cheaper to relocate to suburbs
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Why are shops that appeal to business people increasing in the CBD?
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most business people work in the CBD, so they are likely to shop there during breaks
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What discourages industrial and residential places in the CBD?
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High rents and low storage
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What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?
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They are getting turned into tourist attractions
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Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created an expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown
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CBDs can't leave downtown area so they expand underground and above ground (with skyscrapers)
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Food Desert
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Area of a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
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How is the underground utilized in cities?
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Garages, loading docks, pipes; anything you wouldn't want to see.
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How is "land use" distributed within a typical skyscraper?
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Retail on the ground floor, and office buildings on the top(more expensive the higher you go). This usually applies EXCEPT in the Midwest where retail is usually on the second or middle floors so architects can connect buildings with sky-ways.
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What is the only major U.S. city without a skyscraper? Why?
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Washington D.C., because they want to make the capital look threatening/important
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What are the five zones in a concentric zone model(in order)? What are their purposes?
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1. CBD- non residential activities 2. Zone of transition- industry&poor quality housing; typically immigrants live here 3. Working class homes- modest older homes, working class lives here 4. Better resident city- new, more spacious houses(still middle class) 5. Commuter zone communities- bedroom communities, work in CBD, drive back to homes
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What is the importance of the concentric zone model?
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1st model to explain the distribution of different social groups in urban areas
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Sector model charecteristics
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- made by Homer Hoyt - sectors, not rings - as a city grows, it wedges from the middle, out - most $$ houses are in the outer edge - families live with the same income groups
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Multiple nuclei model charecteristics
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-made by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman - more complex - same activities are attached to certain nodes same ethnicity/race live together
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Census tracts
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Urban areas containing more (or equal to) 5,000 people correspond to neighborhood boundaries
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Three types of data reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of a census tract
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1. # of nonwhites 2. Median income of families 3. % of adults that finished highschool
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Social area analysis
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Comparing the distribution of characteristics to create overall picture where various kinds of people live
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What are two things we can deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?
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-People tend to live with those similar to them -Where certain groups of people tend to live
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Advantages of living ion the inner ring, near city centers
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Bigger houses, access to jobs, shops, and cultural focal points
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Three points about the condition of European suburbs, where the poor live
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-Houses are newer -There are places for immigrants to go - Long commute to the city
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Five ways the European CBD differs from the North American CBD
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1. Less skyscrapers 2. Has more churches/royal places 3. Parks in the middle of CBD 4. Narrower streets 5. groceries are in CBD
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Latin American City model charecteristics
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- Made by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford - Wealthy people live in city along the commercial spine(restaurants, theaters, zoos, etc.) - Poorer people live along edge
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Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities
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The elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains offices, shops, and amenities attractive to the elite. Services such as water and electricity are also readily available and reliable.
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Squatter Settlement
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Places in a city with a very high, clustered, population that lacks services,schools,paved roads,telephones, and sewers
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What are the causes of a squatter settlemem
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- Cities are unable to house rapidly growing amount of poor people - population is increasing because of NIR and migration for job opportunities
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Services and amenities in a typical squatter settlement
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Latrines(Homemade sewers), water from central well, stolen electricity
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Stages of development in a squatter settlement(3 stages)
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Camp on land or sleep on street----make primitive shelters out of cardboard, wood boxes, sackcloth, beverage cans----build tin roofs to structure space and create prominent appearance
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Cities in Africa and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a coincidence because....
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European colonial policies created a cultural impact
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Elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model
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Consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban residential and business areas that live together by a beltway or ring road
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City
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Urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent self governing unit
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Three basic characteristics of a city:
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Locally elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for essential services
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Urbanized area
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Urban area w/ at least 50,000 inhabitants
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Functional area of a city:
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Metropolitan statistical area
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What does the MSA include?
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-urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 - country that city is located in - adjacent countries with high population density and large % of residents working in CBD
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Megalopolis
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Greek word that means "great city"
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Megalopolis from Boston to D.C.
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Boshwash Corridor
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Council of government
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Cooperative agency
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Annexation
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The process of legally adding land area to a city
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What is required before an area can be annexed by a city?
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Majority of residents in affected area vote in favor of annexation
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Density Gradient
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Density change in an Urban Area
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What are two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years?
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1. Fewer people live in the center 2. Fewer differences in densities in Urban Areas
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What is meant by the statement "the periphery of US cities looks like Swiss cheese"?
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Pockets of development and gaps of open space/land
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Sprawl
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Progressive spread of development over a landscape
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What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?
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Building new houses is restricted/ green belt around cities
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Smart growth
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Legislation and regulations to limit suburb sprawl and preserved farmland
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In what two ways are suburban areas segregated
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1. Segregated social classes 2. Segregated land uses
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Zoning ordinance
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Law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community
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Two ways which the US government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens
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- pay 90% of cost of limited access highway -Supports police
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Four ways demand for congested road is being reduced
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- congestion charges - tolls - permits - bons
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What is a rush hour and how much of a city's traffic does it account for?
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4 consecutive minute periods that have heaviest traffic
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Four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile
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-mass transit(less money) -less carbon footprint -fast/efficient -less time
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Briefly explain ways cars may become more efficient in the future
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different energy sources=better for earth
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What is the major problem faced by inner city residents?
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Poor conditions of housing
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What is the inner city process known as filtering?
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Large houses built by wealthy families in 19th century are subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwellings for low-income families. Filtering is the process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of low income people.
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Who builds and maintains public housing?
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-Housing authority established by local government builds public housing -Federal government maintains it
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Reasons high rise public housing is unsatisfactory?
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-elevators frequently broken -juveniles terrorize people in hallway -drug use/crime rates are high
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How are recent public housing projects different?
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Government has cut spending on public housing now its mostly nonprofit funding
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Gentrifacation
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Process by which middle class people move into deteriorated city neighborhoods and renovate housing
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What are three groups attracted to gentrified areas and why?
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-single people -couples without children -people working downtown
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Why has gentrification been criticized?
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Gentrification is forcing low income families out of their houses because they can no longer afford property tax
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Four specific social problems of the underclass
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-poor education for children -affordable housing is hard to find -lack of services -not able to compete for jobs
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What financial crisis does the high proportion of low income residents in the inner city create?
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Eroding Tax Base
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Two choices a city has in order to solve this problem
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-reduce service-cities can close libraries, eliminate bus routes, and cut other services (this discourages growth in the long run) -raise tax revenues-cut taxes for CBD in order to increase jobs for people
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What two things are happening to homeowners who have been unable to repay their subprime loans?
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-foreclosure -debt(mortgage exceeds value of house)
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