Microbiology Chapter 13 Questions And Answers – Flashcards
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| Types of symbiotic relationships sustained in body |
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| Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism |
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| Steps leading to infection |
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| Contact with microbes Colonization with flora Invasion Infection |
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| How much of human DNA is made from retroviruses |
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| 8-10% |
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| Types of flora in the body? |
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| Transient (temporary, can be washed away) Resident (permanent; can create beneficial effect called microbial antagonism). |
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| Sterile sites of the body, where neither resident/transient flora flourish? |
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| Inner organs Blood/lymph |
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| What does the presence of microbes in a sterile site indicate? |
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| Infection |
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| Initial Colonization of Newborns |
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| Uterus is sterile, but first microbes are experienced when fetal membrane breaks. |
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| Flora of the Skin |
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| Combination of transient/residual bacteria. |
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| Transition Zones that harbor the most microbes |
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| Nasal-skin Oral-skin Anus-skin Genitalia-skin |
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| Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
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| In the oral cavity and throughout the large intestine/rectum |
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| How much of fecal material is bacteria? |
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| 10-30% |
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| Flora of the Respiratory Tract |
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| Nasal Cavity, pharynx, and few microbes in the trachea |
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| Flora of the Genitourinary Tract |
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| Female - First portion of urethra, vaginal/cervical surfaces Male - first portion of urethra, genitals |
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| Probiotics |
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| Consumption of live microbes to introduce beneficial intestinal flora |
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| Prebiotics |
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| Consumption of certain nutrients to promote growth of beneficial microbes |
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| Pathogens |
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| Parasitic microbes whose relationship with the host results in infection and disease. |
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| Pathogenicity |
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| A microbe's potential to cause infections and disease |
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| True Pathogens |
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| Capable of causing disease in healthy adults with normal immune systems. |
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| Opportunistic Pathogens |
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| Causes disease only when immune system has been compromised or an opportunity presents itself. |
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| Virulence Factors |
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| Factors which allow microbes to get a foothold in the body. |
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| Toxins |
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| Specific chemicals which produce adverse poisonous effects. |
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| Toxemia |
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| Toxins spread to blood (such as tetanus) |
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| Two types of toxins |
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| Endotoxins Exotoxins |
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| Exotoxins |
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| Produced by Gram negative bacteria Target specific Powerful Immune system sees them as target Can be inactivated to make vaccines |
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| Endotoxins |
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| Gram negative cell walls Takes higher doses to produce effect General systemic effects Cannot be used for vaccines |
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| Four Stages of Clinical Infections |
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| Incubation Prodromal Invasion Convalescence |
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| Septicemia |
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| Microbes in the blood |
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| Syndrome |
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| Collection of signs+symptoms. |
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| Localized infection |
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| Contained in one specific area |
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| Systemic Infection |
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| Contained in a wide area |
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| Focal Infection |
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| Spreads from one area to others |
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| Polymicrobial |
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| Lots of microbes wreaking havoc |
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| Asymptomatic |
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| No noticeable symptoms even though microbes are at work |
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| Reservoir |
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| Primary habitat in the natural world where the microbes thrive (can be living/non-living) |
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| Source |
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| The individual/object from which infection is acquired |
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| Carrier |
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| An individual who inconspicuously carries a pathogen and can give it to others |
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| Passive carrier |
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| No active infection, accidentally transferred to others who get sick |
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| Zoonosis |
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| An infection indigenous to animals but humans are also susceptible |
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| Vector |
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| An animal that transmits infections from host to host |
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| Biological Vector |
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| Animal is infected and actively participates in pathogen's life cycle |
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| Mechanical Vector |
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| Animal is not infected; merely transports pathogen, not involved in life cycle |
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| Non-Living Reservoirs |
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| Air, water, soil, food |
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| Non Communicable Disease |
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| Infection is not from host-to-host Picked up from nonliving reservoir |
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| Communicable Disease |
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| Infection occurs from host-to-host |
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| Contagious |
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| Microbe is from casual encounter from host to host |
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| Droplet nuclei |
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| Dried residues created when coughing/talking/sneezing |
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| Aerosols |
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| Suspensions of dust or moisture particles in the air (live pathogens) |
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| Nosocomial Infections |
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| Hospital/Health Care Facility is source of disease 5% of patients admitted get these From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, etc. |
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| Where is the most common place to get a nosocomial infection? |
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| Urinary tract (from catheters) |
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| Epidemiology |
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| The study of the frequency and distribution of disease in humans. |
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| CDC |
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| Major agency for keeping track of outbreaks. Reports to World Health Organization. |
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| Prevalence |
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| The total number of existing cases in comparison to population |
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| Incidence |
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| The number of new cases, reported as ratio of cases/100,000 people |
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| Endemic |
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| Disease is steady in one area |
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| Sporatic |
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| Disease is random across a location |
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| Epidemic |
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| Disease shows greater frequency than expected Can be sporatic or endemic |
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| Iceberg Effect |
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| Regardless of case reporting, a large number of cases go unnoticed and unreported |
