Chapter 12 health 231 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
An illness that is prolonged; does not resolve spontaneously, and is rarely cured
answer
Chronic disease
question
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. cause High blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects
answer
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
question
3
answer
1 in ___ adults die from CVD
question
The absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics
answer
ideal cardiovascular health
question
Not smoking Sufficient physical activity A healthy diet pattern An appropriate energy balance and normal body weight
answer
behaviors leading to ideal Cardiovascular health
question
Having optimal total cholesterol without medication Having optimal blood pressure without medication Having optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
answer
health factors leading to ideal cardiovascular health
question
<1%
answer
What % of Americans actually follow through with behaviors and health factors for ideal cardiovascular health?
question
sustained elevated blood pressure
answer
hypertension
question
The upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts
answer
systolic blood pressure
question
when only systolic is high
answer
isolated systolic hypertension
question
The lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
answer
diastolic blood pressure
question
Blood pressure is above normal, but not yet in the hypertensive range.
answer
prehypertensive
question
45 and younger-men/ 45 and older- women (at higher risk)
answer
who is at a higher risk for hypertension?
question
<120/80
answer
normal blood pressure
question
120-139/80-89
answer
prehypertension reading
question
140-159/90-99
answer
stage 1 hypertension
question
>160/100
answer
stage 2 hypertension
question
thickening and hardening of the arteries
answer
arteriosclerosis
question
Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances (plaque) on the inner lining of the artery. it is the most common form of coronary artery disease
answer
atherosclerosis
question
abnormally high blood levels of lipids
answer
hyperlipidemia
question
buildup of deposits in the arteries
answer
plaque
question
reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ because they aren't getting enough blood.
answer
ischemia
question
atherosclerosis occurring in the upper or lower extremities, such as in the arms, feet, calves, or legs. Symptoms are pain and aching upon walking/ exercise and relieved by rest. caused by inflammation, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, high blood pressure, and tobacco use.
answer
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
question
20%
answer
What % of adults 65 and older have symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease?
question
the leading cause of disability in adults 50 and older
answer
peripheral artery disease
question
a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
answer
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
question
6
answer
1 in ___ people die from CHD
question
A blockage of normal blood supply to an area of the heart.Brought on by a blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery. When blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in corresponding oxygen flow. Women have higher fatality rates upon their first incident with this than men.
answer
Myocardial infarction (MI; Heart Attack)
question
Chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart. It occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure
answer
Angina Pectoris
question
Mild cases may be treated with rest Drugs can dilate veins and provide pain relief Calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms Beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle
answer
Treatment for Angina Pectoris
question
An irregularity in heartbeat Occurs when the electrical impulses in your heart that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart beat Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart beat
answer
arrhythmias
question
A sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system Results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through cardiovascular system
answer
fibrillation
question
An abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects an impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues Fluid accumulation often occurs in the feet, ankles, and legs; accompanied by shortness of breath and tiredness
answer
congestive heart failure
question
Heart injury from CVD risks; certain prescription drugs; chronic drug/alcohol abuse; damage from radiation or chemotherapy treatments. most cases respond well to medications as treatment.
answer
causes of Congestive heart failure
question
when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply. some are mild only causing temporary dizziness or slight weakness/numbness. some are serious causing impaired speech, memory, motor control; and can affect parts of the brain that regulate vital functions and kill within minutes
answer
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
question
caused by plaque formation that narrows blood flow or a clot that obstructs a blood vessel
answer
ischemic stroke
question
Weakening of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture
answer
hemorrhagic stroke
question
A weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and, in severe cases, burst Most well-known of the hemorrhagic strokes
answer
aneurysm
question
Brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that causes temporary impairment. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis or numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred vision, slurred speech, and others
answer
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
question
Impact both the cardiovascular system and the body's biochemical metabolic processes The combined risks that indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to these major diseases
answer
Cardiometabolic risks
question
A group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
answer
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
question
A diagonsis would have 3 or more of the following risksAbdominal obesity Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150 units) Low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm Hg Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL
answer
Risks for Metabolic Syndrome
question
-avoid tobacco because it puts a strain on your heart and the chemicals in the smoke induce atherosclerosis. (biggest thing you could do for your health) - cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol by reducing LDLs, increasing HDLs, and reducing triglycerides -maintain a healthy weight -exercise regularly (increases HDL, lowers triglycerides, and reduces coronary risks) -control diabetes -control blood pressure -manage stress
answer
Modifiable risks for CHD
question
5
answer
1 in ___ deaths are attributable to smoking
question
75% (involves genetic predisposition)
answer
What % of blood cholesterol is produced by your liver and other cells?
question
25%
answer
What % of blood cholesterol comes from the foods you eat?
question
65%
answer
What % of people with diabetes are more likely to have a heart attack or stroke?
question
-race and ethnicity (AAs have 40% higher rate of hypertension, and higher risk of stroke) -heredity -age gender (men have a greater risk of CVD until age 65. women have poor health outcomes and higher death rates when they have a heart attack)
answer
nonmodifiable risks for CVD
question
82%
answer
What % of all heart attacks occur in people over 65?
question
40%
answer
What % higher rate of hypertension, and higher risk of stroke do African Americans have?
question
a protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation. inflammation risk is increased by smoking,high blood pressure, high LDLs, diabetes, arthritis, and exposure to toxic substances
answer
C-reactive protein
question
13% (2nd leading cause of death in the US)
answer
What % of deaths worldwide are caused from cancer?
question
The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer
answer
five-year survival rates
question
1.7 million; 68%
answer
How many cases of cancer are diagnosed each year; and what % of those will be alive 5 years from now?
question
A temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment and under control. Leads to the disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer Patients who are cured show no subsequent cancer in their bodies and can expect to live a long and productive life
answer
Remission
question
A large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
answer
cancer
question
A new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development
answer
neoplasm
question
A neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
answer
tumor
question
microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
answer
biopsy
question
Harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor. Consist of ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading
answer
benign
question
Very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor Are not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis. Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells
answer
malignant
question
Process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
answer
metastasis
question
differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
answer
mutant cells
question
Probability that an individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer
answer
lifetime risk of cancer
question
Strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer
answer
relative risk of cancer
question
Tobacco use Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity Stress and psychosocial risks Inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments Drug and alcohol consumption Excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens
answer
acquired (environmental) risks of cancer
question
cancer-causing agents
answer
carcinogens
question
-genetic predisposition -oncogenes (suspected cancer-causing genes; typically stay dormant but can be activated) -hereditary disposition -age
answer
genetic and physiological risks of cancer
question
suspected cancer-causing genes that typically stay dormant but can be activated
answer
oncogenes
question
reproductive factors on breast and cervical cancers are well documented
answer
reproductive and hormonal risks of cancer
question
Even three drinks per week are associate with increased risk for oral, esophagus, and breast cancer in women. With heavy drinking, incidence rises dramatically for oral, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers
answer
alcohol and cancer risks
question
An emerging theory is that inflammatory responses play a role in cancer development
answer
inflammation and cancer risks
question
90%
answer
what % of cancers that are caused by cellular mutations and environmental factors are a result of inflammation?
question
Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride Exposure to radioactive substances Radiation. Chemicals in foods
answer
occupational and environmental risks of cancer
question
only form of radiation proven to cause cancer
answer
ionizing radiation
question
a type of radiation with no consistent link with cancer
answer
nonionizing radiation
question
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can cause liver cancer Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer
answer
infectious diseases and cancer
question
10%
answer
what % of all cancers are caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites?
question
Epithelial tissues are the most common. cancer sites Solid tumors
answer
carcinomas
question
occur in the mesodermal or middle layers of tissues such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues. Solid tumors
answer
sarcomas
question
Develop in the lymphatic system. Solid tumors
answer
lymphomas
question
Cancers of the blood-forming parts of the body. Nonsolid tumors
answer
leukemias
question
primary risk factor of lung cancer
answer
smoking, including second hand smoke
question
15%
answer
What % of lung cancer victims have NEVER smoked?
question
persistent cough, blood streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis
answer
symptoms of lung cancer
question
surgery (treatment of choice if the cancer is localized), chemotherapy, and radiation
answer
Lung cancer treatment
question
41%
answer
what is the 1 year survival rate of lung cancer?
question
16%
answer
what is the 5 year survival rate of lung cancer?
question
8
answer
1 in __ women have a chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime
question
symptoms of breast cancer
answer
persistent breast changes
question
mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy. SERMs or selective estrogen-receptor modulators
answer
breast cancer treatment
question
increases with age, includes family history of breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late in life, never having had children, and sudden weight gain
answer
Risk factors of breast cancer
question
98% (lower if diagnosed in more advanced stages)
answer
5 year survival rate of breast cancer
question
3rd
answer
Colon and rectal cancer is the ___ most common cancer in men and women
question
older age, obesity, family history, cloitis
answer
risk factors of colon and rectal cancer
question
Symptoms include bleeding, cramping, pain in lower abdomen, unusual fatigue. blood in the stool and rectal bleeding
answer
symptoms of colon and rectal
question
radiation or surgery
answer
Colon and rectal cancer treatment
question
how to prevent colon and rectal cancer
answer
exercise, high fruit and plant based diet, healthy weight, moderate alcohol intake
question
3.5 million
answer
How many people were diagnosed with skin cancer in 2013?
question
the most common form of cancer in the US
answer
skin cancer
question
curable types of skin cancer
answer
basal or squamous carcinomas
question
the more lethal type of skin cancer. A virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the skin
answer
malignant melanoma
question
ABCD rule about melanoma
answer
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter
question
90%
answer
What % of skin cancers are treated with surgery?
question
Radiation, electrodesiccation, and cryosurgery also used
answer
treatment for skin cancer
question
the most frequently diagnosed cancer in american males today, excluding sin cancer. second leading cause of cancer deaths in men
answer
prostate cancer
question
Symptoms include weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; urge to urinate frequently; blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs
answer
symptoms of prostate cancer
question
risk factors of prostate cancer
answer
age (african american men), race, and family history
question
how to lower the risk of prostate cancer
answer
eating more fruit and vegetables
question
An antigen found in prostate cancer patients
answer
PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
