Chapter 11- Cancer Epidemiology – Flashcards
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environmental lifestyle, genetic
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2 things that causes cancer
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morbidity, mortality
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Cancer is the major cause of (2) worldwide
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united states
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incidence of cancer in the ____________ _______ is decreasing
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pancreas, liver, uterus
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death rates for these types of cancer (3) are increasing in WOMEN
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melanoma
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death rate for this type of cancer is increasing in MEN
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prostate, breast
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2 most frequently diagnosed cancers in the UNITED STATES
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Developmental Plasticity
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-degree to which an organism's development is contingent on its environment -due to histone modification & micro RNA
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histone modification, micro RNA
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causes of DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY (2)
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dutch famine birth control
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-prenatal undernutrition -Causes: increased heart disease, metabolic disorders, breast cancer
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Diethylstilbestrol
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nonsteroidal estrogen that prevented pregnancy related problems
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dna methylation marks, in utero environments, future phenotypes
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evidence for these 3 is growing for research for in utero & early life conditions
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Tobacco
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-Leading cause of preventable death in the United States -Multipotent carcinogenic mixture -Linked to cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, upper aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix, uterus -Linked to myeloid leukemia -Secondhand smoke (ETS) contains many toxic chemicals -Cigar and pipe smoking equally harmful
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lung, lower urinary tract, upper aerodigestive tract, liver, kidney, pancreas, cervix, uterus
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cancers linked to tobacco use (8)
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secondhand smoke
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type of smoking that contains many toxic chemicals
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cigar, pipe smoking
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-type of smoking equally harmful -affects oral cavity -causes coronary heart disease, COPD
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Diet
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-Cooking of fat, meat, or protein produces carcinogenic substances -Naturally occurring carcinogens associated with alkaloids or mold byproducts
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fat, meat, protein
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type of food cooking that produces carcinogenic substances (3)
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alkaloids, mold byproducts
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naturally occurring carcinogens associated with these (2)
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Nutrigenomics
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Study of nutrition on the phenotypic variability of individuals based on genomic differences
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cellular processes
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many ___________ ____________ affected by nutrition and cancer
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Xenobiotics
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toxic, mutagenic, & carcinogenic chemicals in food
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Phase I Activation
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activates xenobiotics
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Phase II Detoxification Enzymes
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protects further against large array of reactive intermediates & nonactivated xenobotics
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hormonal axes, cellular proliferation, phenotypes/expression
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(NUTRITION & CANCER) may alter, influence, & affect (3) of key genes
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Dietary Components
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activated into carcinogens or can prevent cancer
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cell cycle control, differentiation, DNA repair, gene silencing, inflammation, apoptosis, carcinogen metabolism
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pathways to cancer affected by diet include (7)
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body mass index, unclear
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-obesity correlates with ________ ___________ _________ -mechanism of obesity-associated cancer risks are _________
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insulin, sex hormones, adipokines or adipocyte derived cytokines
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-factors related to obesity and cancer (3) -these factors metabolic dysregulation of adipose tissue
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breast, ovarian, kidney, endometrial, colon
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Types of cancer that increased (5) due to obesity
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alcohol consumption
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-Risk factor for oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, and breast cancers -Genetic factors involved -No "safe limit" of intake
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oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, colorectum, breast
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ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION is a risk these types of cancer (7)
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genetic factors, safe limit
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-there are __________ _________ involved in ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION -there is NO ________ _______ of alcohol intake
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physical activity
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-Reduces cancer risk (breast, colon, other) -Decreases insulin and insulin-like growth factors -Decreases obesity -Decreases inflammatory mediators and free radicals -Increases gut motility
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insulin, obesity, inflammatory mediators, free radicals
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In PHYSICAL ACTIVITY these 4 decreases
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gut motility
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with PHYSICAL ACTIVITY this increase
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ionizing radiation
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-Emission from x-rays, radioisotopes, radon, and other radioactive sources -Exposure causes cell death, gene mutations, and chromosome aberrations -Mutations in germ cells are heritable -Increased use of diagnostic testing of concern -can cause cardiac issues, lead to stroke -close to nuclear plant, radiation place, house with radons
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x rays, radioisotopes, radon, radioactive sources
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IONIZING RADIATION emissions from (4)
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cell death, gene mutations, chromosome aberrations
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IONIZING RADIATION exposure causes (3)
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diagnostic testing of concern, cardiac issues, lead to stroke
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-ionizing radiation's most common reason of exposure -can cause (2)
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Chromosome aberrations, cell transformation, gene expression, alternative targets, mutagenesis, biologic effects, effects on the microenvironment
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7 targeted effects of RADIATION INDUCED CANCER
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Bystander Effect
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directly irradiated cells, leading to genetic effects
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Genomic Instability
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mutations, cell lethality, chromosomal aberration
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not seen
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effects from radiation are _____ _____ right away
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Ultraviolet radiation
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-causes Basal Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma -Principal source is sunlight -Ultraviolet A & B -Released TNF alpha in epidermis -Produces ROS -Promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals -damages DNA -tanning, beds, medical radiation
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basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
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3 types of cancer due to ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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affects outer layer of skin
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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flat cells form from surface of skin
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Melanoma
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forms in melanocytes
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UVA
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penetrates skin
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UVB
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penetrates outer layer of skin
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sunlight, tanning beds, medical radiation, DNA
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-sources of ultraviolet radiation (3) -what does it damage?
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skin inflammation, release of free radicals
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ultraviolet radiation promotes (2)
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electromagnetic radiation
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-Non-ionizing, low-frequency radiation -Microwaves, radar, cell phones, and power frequency radiation associated with electricity and radio waves, fluorescent lights, computers, and other electric equipment -May or may not be carcinogenic -common studied exposure is due to cell phone usages and screentime -cause of brain tumors
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cell phone usage, screentime
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Common studied exposure (2) of electromagnetic radiation
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human papillomavirus
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-most common STD in U.S. -from skin warts to cancer -types of cancer: cervix, penis, vulva, anus, oropharynx
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cervix, penis, vulva, anus, oropharynx
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types of cancers due to HPV (5)
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Helicobacter Pylori
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75%-89% causes of stomach cancer (virus)
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Hepatitis B & C
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large majority of liver cancers
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Particulate Matter
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-outdoor air pollution -Particles and liquid droplets made up of acids, organic chemicals, metal, and dust particles -Carcinogenic and causes lung cancer -High proportion of mutagenic agents -Primary particle & Secondary particles
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lung cancer
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air pollution (particulate & indoor) can cause this kind of cancer
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Primary particle
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Emitted directly from source (construction sites, smoke stacks); due to unpaved roads
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Secondary particle
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Emitted from power plants, industries, and automobiles
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premature death, nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, asthma, decreased lung function, respiratory symptoms
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6 effects of particulate matter
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indoor pollution
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-Tobacco smoke & Radon Gas -Exposures from heating and cooking sources and asbestos -Inorganic arsenic
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heating, cooking, asbestos
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3 sources of indoor pollution
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Tobacco smoke
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causes formation of reactive oxygen free radicals and thus DNA damage
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Radon gas
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trapped in houses forms decay products that are carcinogenic; rock & soil; affects miners
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Inorganic arsenic
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found in underground water; affects bladder, skin, lung
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chemical/occupational hazards
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-Present in air, soil, water, household products, toys, workplaces, and homes -Upper respiratory passages, lung, bladder, peritoneum -Asbestos, Dyes, rubber, paint, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, air pollution
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Upper respiratory passages, lung, bladder, peritoneum
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areas that affect chemical & occupational hazards (4)
