Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology – Flashcards
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Pathology
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A branch of medicine that deals with the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.
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Pathophysiology
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A specific branch of pathology that studies functional or physiologic changes in the body that results from disease processes.
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Anaerobic
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Metabolism and function without oxygen
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Apoptosis
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Normal programmed cell death in tissues
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Autopsy
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An examination of part or all of a body postmortem
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Biopsy
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The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a Dx
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Endogenous
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Originating from within the body
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Exogenous
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Originating from outside the body
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Gangrene
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Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
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Infection
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A disease caused by a microorganism
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Homeostasis
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A relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including BP, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms.
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Hypoxia
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A decrease or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
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Iatrogenic
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Caused by Tx, procedure, or error
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Idiopathic
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No known cause
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Inflammation
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The response to tissue damage, indicted by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
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Ischemia
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Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
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Lysis
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Destruction of a cell
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Lysosomal
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Pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme
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Microorganism
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Very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled
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Morphologic
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The physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs
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Probability
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The likelihood or chance of occurrence
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Disease
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A deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness. The WHO includes physical, mental, and social well-being in its definition.
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Why is a state of health difficult to define?
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Because of the genetic differences among individuals as well as the many variations in life experiences and environmental influences create a variable base.
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Seven Steps to Health
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1) Be a non-smoker and avoid second-hand smoke 2) Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables/fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. If you drink ETOH, limit your intake to 1-2 drinks per day. 3) Be physically active on a regular basis: This will help you maintain a healthy body weight 4) Protect yourself and family members from the sun 5) Follow cancer screening guidelines 6) Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any change in your normal state of health. 7) Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials.
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The basic building blocks that facilitates the study of a specific disease
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1) The signs related to the specific site of damage. 2) The signs related to the pathologic process.
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The primary focus in health care
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Prevention
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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Based in Atlanta, Ga, is primarily concerned with decreasing the incidence of certain diseases. Their main focus is the awareness of screening programs and collecting data about all types of disease and provide evidence based recommendations for prevention.
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The Three-stage Process to health research
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1st stage- "Basic science" in which researchers ID a technology that will work to limit or prevent the disease process. Carried out in a lab and often requires the use of animals or cell cultures. 2nd stage- Involves a small number of human subject to determine if the therapy is safe. 3rd stage- "Clinical Trails" only takes place if the results of the previous research are positive; majority don't make it.
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Single-blind Studies
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Only the pt is unaware of which therapy is being given
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Double-blind Studies
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Neither pt nor the researchers is aware of which Tx is being given. This study is proctored by a third party.
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Evidence-based Research
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Research findings that demonstrate merit after the three-stage process. It does not take into account cost, availability, or social and cultural factors that may influence use and acceptance of a therapy.
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Importance of Hx, SAMPLE
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1) May determine Tx, 2) What impact will it have on pt? 3) How's a pt's illness might complicate care? Ex. therapy/drugs, prescription, non-prescription, herbal items
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HPV
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Has a prevalence of about 45% in Americans age 20-24. Est. 70-80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with it at some point in their life. Gardasil, a new vaccine, prevents types 16, 18, 6, 11 and can help prevent cervical cancer.
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How collects reports from health care professionals?
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WHO, United States Public Health Service, CDC
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Dx
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The identification of a specific disease through evaluation of S/S, laboratory test, or other tools. More than one factor is usually required to make an accurate Dx.
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Etiology
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Cause of a specific disease
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Idiopathic
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Cause of disease is unknown
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Iatrogenic
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Disease caused by Tx, procedure, or error.
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Predisposing Factors
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Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual.
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Prevention
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Is closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease.
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Preventive measures based on accurate research
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Vaccinations, porper diet/lifestyle, cessation of harmful behavior, removal of harmful materials
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Pathogenesis
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Development of a disease
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Acute onset
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Sudden beginning of a disease or disorder.
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Insidious onset
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Development of a disorder/disease that occurs gradually over an extended period (contrast with acute onset).
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Different possible stages of disease
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Subclinical state- undetectable Latent Stage- dormant Incubation Period- From exposure to S/S Prodromal Period- Non-specific signs of an illness Manifestation- Clinical evidence or effects
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Signs
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Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others
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Symptoms
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Subjective indications of disease reported by the patient
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Disease Progression
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Remission- Manifestations subside Exacerbation- increase in severity Precipitating Factors- Triggers acute episode Sequelae- Potential unwanted outcomes of a condition Therapy- Tx measures to promote recovery or slow progression.
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Syndrome
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A collection of S/S of a particular disease process, often affecting more than one organ, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition.
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Lesion
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A specific local change in the tissue.
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Quality Assurance Program
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An ongoing systematic process designed to evaluate and promote excellence in the health care provided to clients
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Convalescence
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Rehabilitation/recovery
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Complications
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An additional problem arising after the original disease begins.
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Different Outcomes
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1) Prognosis- a prediction of the course of a disease; probability for recovery/outcome 2) Morbidity- Disease rate of a group 3) Mortality- Death rate of a group 4) Epidemiology- The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of diseases
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Occurrence of disease
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1) Epidemic- Higher than normal disease rate in a given area 2) Pandemic- Higher than normal disease rate in multiple areas 3) Incidence- Number of new cases 4) Prevalence- Number of existing cases
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Cellular Adaptions
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1) Atrophy- Decrease in the size of cells 2) Hypertrophy- Increase in the size of cells 3) Hyperplasia- Increase in the number of cells 4) Metaplasia- Replacement of one mature cell type by another 5) Dysplasia- Cells vary in size and shape 6) Neoplasm- New growth (abnormal cells); Benign (fibrous sheath preventing metastasis) and Malignant (cancer, metastasis) 7) Anaplasia- Undifferentiated cells (implies advanced malignancy and metastasis)
