question

Mitchell Duneier's study of homeless men on New York City's Sixth Avenue involved hanging out with his research subjects to collect data. This type of methodology is known as:

answer

Participant Observation.

question

In social research, a hypothesis is:

answer

a proposed relationship between two or more variables.

question

American sociology in the United States began at what university?

answer

University of Chicago

question

All of the following are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research EXCEPT: A. voluntary participation. B. never debrief. C. informed consent. D. do no harm.

answer

Never debrief

question

As defined by C. Wright Mills, what \"enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society\"?

answer

Sociological Imagination

question

What focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?

answer

Macrosociology

question

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is:

answer

Reliability.

question

A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable is called the:

answer

Independent Variable.

question

George H. Mead described how the \"self\" internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He calls this larger society:

answer

the Generalized Other.

question

A correlation is:

answer

a simultaneous change in two variables.

question

What modern sociological theory argues that there are no shared, objective meanings?

answer

Postmodernism

question

What sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?

answer

Émile Durkheim

question

What modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals?

answer

Symbolic Interactionism

question

When one factor is said to influence another factor, we refer to this as:

answer

causality.

question

According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____________ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious authority.

answer

Moral

question

According to your textbook's author, Chicago School researcher Louis Wirth's essay, \"Urbanism as a Way of Life,\" might be classified today as?

answer

cultural sociology

question

All of the following are examples of social institutions used to prevent websites from undermining colleges' degree-conferring abilities EXCEPT: A. employers. B. police forces. C. copyright law. D. families.

answer

Families

question

The research method that uses information that can be converted to numerical form is:

answer

quantitative research.

question

The intended purpose of desegregation of schools in the 1950s was to make education equal for everyone. What was not intended was that many racial minority teachers and principals lost their jobs. This unintended purpose was called a(n) ____________ function by functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons.

answer

Latent

question

A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as:

answer

protected populations.

question

Charles H. Cooley argued that the \"self\" emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this:

answer

the looking glass self.

question

What is the meaning of the term white coat effects in social research?

answer

The impact researchers have on the people/relationships they study

question

The three factors needed to establish causality are:

answer

correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations.

question

A woman makes a career change from being an accountant with a large auditing company to being a graphic designer in a small ad agency. This is an example of:

answer

Resocialization

question

In social development theory, the \"self\" can be defined as ________

answer

the identity of a person as perceived by that same person.

question

Which of the following is an example of a total institution? A. an elementary school B. a sports team C. a convent D. a political party

answer

A convent

question

According to dramaturgical theory, a main goal of every social interaction is ________

answer

to make a good impression.

question

Socialization is the process by which people ________

answer

internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.

question

The use of stereotypes allows people to ________

answer

ignore complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about.

question

Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, \"No shirt, no shoes, no service.\" This is an example of?

answer

Reinforcement of a cultural norm

question

Which political theorist developed the concept of hegemony?

answer

Antonio Gramsci

question

Nonmaterial culture includes ________

answer

values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

question

A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her dirty looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?

answer

The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

question

Which is not a basic tenet of symbolic interactionism? A. Meanings are modified and filtered through an interpretive process that each individual uses in dealing with outward signs. B. Meanings develop because they are functional for society. C. Human beings act toward ideas, concepts, and values on the basis of the meaning that those things have for them. D. Meanings are products of social interaction in society.

answer

Meanings develop because they are functional for society.

question

The crux of the nature versus nurture debate involves whether ________

answer

biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

question

Which of the following is NOT a definition of the term culture?

answer

the natural environment

question

Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on ________

answer

how we make sense of our world, how we convey this understanding to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order.

question

What is cultural relativism?

answer

recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative

question

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social relations?

answer

Robert Merton

question

What is an example of soft power?

answer

the expansion of American corporations into the global Third World

question

________ can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary \"consent\" of the masses.

answer

Hegemony

question

Civil inattention means ________

answer

refraining from directly interacting with someone until an opening signal is given.

question

Ideology can be described as ________

answer

a system of concepts and relationships.

question

The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships is fundamental to which of the following theories?

answer

reflection theory

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an \"other\" through ________

answer

imitation.

question

A/An ________ can be defined as a group that shares distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.

answer

subculture

question

________ is the process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn how to function as members of that society.

answer

Socialization

question

Which of the following is an example of a given off gesture? A. talking to a colleague over coffee B. glancing at your watch while someone talks to you C. winking at a stranger D. nodding in agreement during a job interview

answer

glancing at your watch while someone talks to you

question

Informal social sanctions are ________

answer

understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed.

question

According to strain theory, a ritualist is a person who ________

answer

rejects socially defined goals but not the socially acceptable means to achieve them.

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? A. a preschool class B. a neighborhood volunteer association C. a three-time state champion high-school volleyball team D. a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States

answer

a family in which the parents live in California and their children live around the United States

question

What is one explanation for why it can be difficult to accurately measure changes in crime rates over time?

answer

Definitions of crimes change over time.

question

Entering a work training program after being released from prison is an example of ?

answer

rehabilitative justice

question

Secondary deviance refers to ________

answer

deviant acts that occur after primary deviance and as a result of being labeled \"deviant.\"

question

In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on ________

answer

deterrence theory.

question

________ refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business.

answer

White-collar crime

question

Organizational culture refers to ________

answer

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group.

question

The goal of correctional centers and mental health institutions to help inmates or patients learn to be productive members of society may be at odds with ________

answer

the way life in a total institution can strip away a person's self-identity and leave him or her feeling lost and vulnerable.

question

Labeling theory is a ________ theory.

answer

micro-level

question

In the context of social networks, a tie is ________

answer

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

question

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?

answer

economic opportunities and crime rates

question

________ refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network.

answer

Embeddedness

question

One advantage of network analysis is that ________

answer

it can reveal patterns in social structures that might not ever become evident through answers to direct questions.

question

According to Georg Simmel, what is the key difference between a small group and a party?

answer

A small group is unifocal, whereas a party is multifocal.

question

One of the unique characteristics of a dyad is that ________

answer

if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist.

question

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of ________

answer

Stigma

question

Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?

answer

the strength of weak ties

question

What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?

answer

People are less involved in communal activities and organizations.

question

A secondary group is characterized by ________

answer

instrumental relationships.

question

________ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them.

answer

Social capital

question

The Asch test provides insight into what concept?

answer

group conformity

question

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to ________

answer

change over time and vary from one context to another.

question

Anomie can be defined as a sense of aimlessness or despair that develops when an individual ________

answer

experiences a loss of order and normalcy from too little social regulation.

question

Postmodern theorists argue that ________

answer

all phenomena have multiple meanings and no one meaning can be more valid than another.

question

People's social identity is ________

answer

a way that they define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of.

question

A social institution can be described as ________

answer

a group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform a social role.

question

Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory?

answer

exploring the role of churches in rural areas

question

Which of the following is an example of using one's sociological imagination?

answer

thinking about why people in a particular country greet each other in a certain way

question

The focus on what social phenomena means to individuals is

answer

interpretive sociology.

question

Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how people choose where to sit on a public bus. Which type of sociology is this?

answer

microsociology

question

a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

answer

moderating variable

question

What is the meaning of the term reflexivity with regard to social research?

answer

being aware of the effects that researchers have on the processes and relationships they are studying

question

In an interview with the text's author, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?

answer

informed consent

question

Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following?

answer

two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest

question

Social research that tries to engage a nonacademic audience and influence society is often referred to as ________

answer

public sociology.

question

Ideology can be described as ________

answer

a system of concepts and relationships.

question

Which political theorist developed the concept of hegemony?

answer

Antonio Gramsci

question

Hegemony

answer

________ can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary \"consent\" of the masses.

question

The use of stereotypes allows people to ________

answer

ignore complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about

question

Which of the following theories argues that people's choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what?

answer

saving face

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an \"other\" through ________

answer

imitation

question

Which is not a basic tenet of symbolic interactionism?

answer

Meanings develop because they are functional for society.

question

Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on ________

answer

how we make sense of our world, how we convey this understanding to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order.

question

In social development theory, the \"self\" can be defined as ________

answer

the identity of a person as perceived by that same person.

question

What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?

answer

People are less involved in communal activities and organizations.

question

Organizational culture refers to ________

answer

the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group.

question

In a reexamination of Stanley Milgram's six degrees of separation theory, Duncan Watts estimated that about half of the population is connected to each other through six degrees. If these networks were mapped, what would you call the dead ends where groups lack connections between clusters?

answer

structural holes

question

Limits of Socialization

answer

•Cannot explain everything about development and personality •Both biology and social interactions make us who we are

question

The nature versus nurture debate examines the importance of _____ in shaping human behavior.

answer

biology, on the one hand, and social interaction, on the other

question

Charles Horton Cooley

answer

The \"self\" emerges from our ability to imagine how others see us

question

In social development theory, the \"self\" can be defined as _____

answer

the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person

question

Mead

answer

•Childhood development of social self •Infants start out knowing \"I\" -Through interaction they learn \"me\" and the \"other\" •First step: \"generalized other\" -Internalized sense of total expectations of others in a variety of settings

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children learn to recognize an \"other\" through _____.

answer

imitation

question

Which of the following is an example of recognizing the \"generalized other\"?

answer

A child is taught to hold the door for her parents or siblings when they are carrying something into the house. While at the mall she holds the door for a stranger who is carrying several bags.

question

Feral children

answer

•Raised in isolation, confinement, or by animals •~100 known cases •Rarely able to function normally in society

question

Agents of Socialization

answer

•Families •School •Peers •Total Institutions

question

Total Institutions

answer

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life

question

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

answer

convent

question

peer pressure

answer

the pressure of conformity

question

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?

answer

A member of a college football team is ostracized by his teammates when he refuses to get a tattoo of the team mascot.

question

Resocialization

answer

the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution

question

Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations?

answer

A man makes a career change from being an accountant with a large auditing company to being a graphic designer in a small ad agency.

question

Who developed role theory as a way to examine social relations?

answer

Robert Merton

question

Status

answer

a recognizable social position (give us roles)

question

ascribed status

answer

a status into which one is born

question

achieved status

answer

earned or imposed by others ex: murderers

question

Master Status

answer

Stands out or overrides all others

question

Role

answer

Behavior expected from a particular status

question

Gender Roles

answer

Norms associated w/ male or female status

question

Role conflict

answer

the tension caused by competing demands b/t two or more roles pertaining to different statuses

question

A college student who works part time and cares for her grandmother must take off work one day to drive her grandmother to a doctor's appointment. She turns in a class project late because she has to make up the time at work. This is an ex. of _____.

answer

role conflict

question

The interview with CJ Pascoe highlights the peer pressure that males can face in school to conform to certain ideals of masculinity. If a high school football player were to face pressure from peers to live up to the woman-chasing \"stud athlete\" role, while also attempting to be a model \"pure\" Christian to his church peers, what sociological problem would this student be facing?

answer

role conflict

question

Gender theorists

answer

believe that deliberate socialization steers boys and girls to different roles

question

Your introductory sociology professor argues that people and institutions interact differently with boys and girls and thus socialize them into different roles. Which of the following answers best describes your professor's perspective?

answer

gender theorist

question

The Social Constructing of Reality

answer

•Ideas and objects gain their meaning through social interaction •Individuals can share common norms, beliefs, and values

question

Social Construction of Food

answer

Not all food is \"food\"

question

Symbolic Interaction

answer

•Micro-level Theory •Humans react based on shared symbolic meanings -Produced by social interactions -Filtered through individual interpretation

question

Which of the following theories argues that people's choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?

answer

symbolic interactionism

question

Dramaturgy (Goffman)

answer

•Life=theater •Humans=actors -\"Impression management\": we are trying to control what people think of us

question

According to dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is _____.

answer

to make a good impression

question

Dramaturgy

answer

•front stage-public (out in the open) -Ex: church, •back stage-private (how we separate our work face from personal face) •face -esteem in which an individual is held by others

question

saving face

answer

A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went and she answers that she didn't go because she was sick. In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected. The way your classmate handled the situation is an example of what?

question

Civic inattention

answer

refraining from directly interacting with someone until an opening signal is given

question

What is is an ex. of a given off gesture?

answer

glancing at your watch while someone talks to you

question

Ethnomethodology

answer

an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on how we make sense of our world, how we convey this understanding to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order

question

Harold Garfinkel

answer

well known for creating breaching experiments

question

A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her a dirty look. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?

answer

The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

question

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what is the single most important factor in predicting the behavior of members of a social group?

answer

the number of people in the group

question

Dyad

answer

•group of 2 -Most intimate form of social life -Mutually dependent: If one member leaves, the group ends

question

Triad

answer

a group of 3 or more

question

When a 3rd person joins

answer

•Possible roles: -Mediator -Tertius gaudens -Divide et impera

question

Mediator

answer

the conflict resolver

question

Tertius gaudens

answer

one who profits from disagreement with the others

question

Melinda and Justin are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with her work and she ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role?

answer

Tertius gaudens

question

Divide et impera

answer

one who purposefully breaks up the others

question

A group with five members has the potential for how many relationships?

answer

10

question

According to the sociologist Georg Simmel's categories, what is the key difference between a small group and a party?

answer

A small group is unifocal, whereas a party is multifocal.

question

Jose goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This would be an example of which kind of group?

answer

a large group, The inclusion of trainers creates status differentiation, and thus makes this a large group instead of a small group.

question

secondary group

answer

characterized by voluntary membership in the group

question

primary group

answer

are social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

answer

a family in which the parents live in California, one son lives in Colorado, and two daughters live in Florida

question

The Asch Test provides insight into what concept?

answer

group conformity

question

reference group

answer

a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups

question

Social network

answer

A set of ties b/t individuals

question

Tie

answer

set of stories explaining our relationship to each network member

question

Narrative

answer

sum of series within series of ties

question

Embeddedness

answer

refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network

question

Strength of Weak Ties

answer

•weak ties=represent new info where you did not previously have information to •Why does it matter? Sometimes these weak ties b/t groups are very important bc they bring new info

question

Marc wants to get an internship with a state legislator. He has talked to his family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts and he knows that the internships are highly competitive. One day he runs into a former classmate he hasn't seen for several years, and it turns out the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate offers to put Marc in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?

answer

the strength of weak ties

question

structural hole

answer

•a gap between two people or two groups that have complementary resources and could benefit from having a closer connection •are gaps between network clusters.

question

In a re-examination of Stanley Milgram's six degrees of separation theory, Duncan Watts estimated that about half of the population is connected to each other through six degrees. If these networks were mapped what would you call the dead ends where groups lack connections between clusters?

answer

structural holes

question

Social capital

answer

•the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them •Ex of social capital: neighborhood watch

question

What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?

answer

People are less involved in communal activities and organizations.

question

Sociologist Robert Wuthnow acknowledges there have been changes in Americans' sense of connection to one another and to communities, and he argues that _____.

answer

those connections haven't disappeared and that people aren't necessarily worse off because of these changes

question

One advantage of network analysis over interpretive sociology is that _____.

answer

it can reveal patterns in social structures that might not ever become evident through answers to direct questions

question

Organizational culture

answer

shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group

question

organizational structure

answer

The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization

question

A company changes from an assembly-line approach to product development to a team-based approach. This involves a fundamental change to the company's _____.

answer

organizational structure

question

Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions for changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond the allotted free minutes, and so on. These similarities can be said to be due to what processes?

answer

In this scenario, the cell phone companies have become more like each other. This is an example of institutional isomorphism.

question

Deviance

answer

Any transgression of socially established norms

question

Informal deviance

answer

•minor violations •Ex: anything that is not going to get you arrested (burping loudly)

question

What is an example of informal deviance?

answer

telling the hostess of a dinner party that you didn't like the main dish

question

Formal deviance

answer

•crime •Ex: hit a person in the face

question

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to

answer

change over time and vary from one context to another

question

social cohesion

answer

how people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a daily basis

question

Collective conscience

answer

shared assumptions about how the world works

question

Mechanical solidarity

answer

Based on sameness: means everyone is pretty much the same; naturally there are differences but we're still the same

question

Organic solidarity

answer

•Based on difference and interdependence •social cohesion based on the differences and the interdependence of specialized parts of society

question

Why is a society bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice (rather than rehabilitative justice) to a person who violates a law or social norm?

answer

People in such a society are bound by sameness and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

question

What is the irony of the relationship between deviance and society?

answer

Deviance helps hold societies together by uniting people in opposition to behavior that is deemed unacceptable.

question

Punitive justices (mechanical)

answer

making the violator suffer, thus defining boundaries and strengthening the collective

question

Rehabilitative justice (organic)

answer

•examines specific circumstances of deviants, attempts to reform them •rehabilitative social response is designed to transform the transgressor into a productive member of society.

question

Which of the following is an example of rehabilitative justice?

answer

entering a work training program after being released from prison

question

Social Control

answer

•Mechanisms that create normative compliance -Following the rules of group life

question

Formal social sanctions

answer

Rules/ laws expressly set forth by a society

question

According to Émile Durkheim's theory of suicide, what two social factors have the most impact on suicide rates?

answer

social integration and social regulation

question

Labeling Theory

answer

•We notice how others see or label us •Our reactions to those labels help form the basis of our self-identity •a micro-level theory

question

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and is referred to as \"slow\" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not a smart guy who can learn from books. This is an example of which theory of deviance?

answer

labeling theory

question

Primary Deviance

answer

•First act of rule breaking •Results in \"deviant\" label

question

Secondary Deviance

answer

Subsequent acts of rule breaking occurring as a result of the deviant label

question

Stigma

answer

•Negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity •Serious consequences

question

Which of the following is an example of a stigma in U.S. society?

answer

having a speech impediment

question

Broken windows theory of deviance

answer

Social and environmental context and cues impact individual actions

question

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that for years was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to smoke and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?

answer

broken windows theory

question

Merton's strain theory

answer

Deviance occurs when all members of society do not have equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

question

Conformists

answer

Accept the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals

question

Rebels

answer

Don't accept the goals of society of the means, so they creates their own goals using new means

question

Retreatists

answer

Don't accept the goals of society or the means

question

Ritualists

answer

Aren't interested in the goals of society, but accept the means

question

Innovators

answer

Accepts the goals of society, but look for new ways of achieving those goals

question

Crime Reduction

answer

•Reducing crime •Every mayor or police will take credit for the drop in crime •Can't predict crime: not possible

question

Recidivism

answer

•Occurs when one who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts back to crime •Evidence=historically high rates of incarceration

question

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job, due to this stigma, and thus decides to return to committing crimes to support their family, what sociological idea is this an example of?

answer

recidivism

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Informal social sanctions

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•Unspoken rules of social life -We are all simultaneously agents and objects of social order -Foundation of formal social control •understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed

question

Anomie

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can be defined as a sense of aimlessness or despair that develops when an individual experiences a loss of order and normalcy from too little social regulation

question

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?

answer

economic opportunities and crime rates

question

White-collar crime

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refers to crimes committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business

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What is one explanation for why it can be difficult to accurately measure changes in crime rates?

answer

Definitions of crimes change over time.

question

deterrence theory of criminal justice

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arises from the view that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits

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In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on _____.

answer

deterrence theory

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The goal of correctional centers and mental health institutions to help inmates or patients learn to be productive members of society may be at odds with _____.

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the way life in a total institution can strip away a person's self-identity and leave him or her feeling lost and vulnerable

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Since the 1970s, incarcerations rates in the United States have

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risen dramatically

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One of the effects of mass incarceration in the United States has been

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the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons

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In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system _____.

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represents a transformation in social control

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Foucault's idea of the panopticon

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a metaphor for the general functioning of disciplinary techniques in society. In other words, the constant monitoring and policing that minority youth face

question

The interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner-cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Professor Rios encountered police intrusion upon his daily life often, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Professor Rios's experience?

answer

Foucault's panopticon

CHAPT 5: Sociological Research Flashcards

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