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The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in a. France. b. Belgium. c. Prussia. d. the United States. e. Great Britain.
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e. Great Britain.
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Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except a. a rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor. b. the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century. c. a ready supply of domestic and colonial markets. d. Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise. e. a developed financial system.
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d. Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
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The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by a. the urgent need to solve the great poverty in the eighteenth century. b. the failure of the cottage industry. c. entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods. d. the industrialization of the Dutch and French. e. the economic and technological needs engendered by the French Revolution.
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c. entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
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The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except a. canals. b. roads. c. bridges. d. internal customs posts. e. railroads.
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d. internal customs posts.
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The British industrial entrepreneur James Hargreaves a. typified the university educated and mannered entrepreneur of the Industrial Revolution. b. invented the water frame spinning machine. c. perfected the Compton's mule. d. created the spinning jenny. e. invented the steam engine.
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d. created the spinning jenny.
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The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its a. cotton textile industry. b. wool textile industry. c. iron industry. d. railroad industry. e. mining industry.
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a. cotton textile industry. Britain's cotton industry in the late 18th Century was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories
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Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century a. could not keep up with French textile production. b. was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States. c. declined due to the lack of technical innovation. d. immediately declined with the success of the Industrial Revolution. e. was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
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e. was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
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Which one of the following allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers? a. They were small and hence portable. b. Water could be brought to them by irrigation channels. c. They ran on coal. d. They ran on oil. e. a and b The invention of the steam engine in Britain was initially triggered by a. the textile industry's demand for new sources of power. b. problems in the mining industry. c. the railroad industry's call for a more efficient source of power. d. the need for a more efficient mode of power for English ships. e. c and d
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c. They ran on coal. d. the need for a more efficient mode of power for English ships.
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Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing? a. Arkwright's spinning frame. b. Hargreaves' spinning jenny. c. Cartwright's power loom. d. a and b e. all of the above
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e. all of the above and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule (1790)
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James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of a. the spinning jenny. b. the mule-powered Newcomen engine. c. a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton. d. the first steam-powered locomotive. e. the power loom.
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c. a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.
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Textile workers in which of the following countries, formerly dependent on such work, could no longer compete with British cotton produced with the aid of steam engines? a. India. b. America. c. France. d. Algeria. e. Russia.
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a. India Side note: compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because there was a far larger pool of unskilled laborers in the US
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The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon a. timber. b. coal. c. water power. d. electricity. e. copper.
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b. coal. Britain dependent upon coal which it had in large quantities
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The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as a. puddling. b. cottling. c. the open hearth. d. skimming. e. corking.
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a. puddling. in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality
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In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered a. an oil-fired locomotive. b. the steering wheel for trains. c. the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line. d. the first electric-powered locomotive for military use. e. the motion-picture camera.
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c. the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line. on an industrial rail-line in south Wales
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The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in a. increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering. b. increasing the size of markets and the price of goods. c. bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies. d. defeating Napoleon. e. making London a great port city.
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a. increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering. first public railway lines, is attributed to George Stephenson in 1830
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The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution a. was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian." b. was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system. c. was never adopted by the working class. d. relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor. e. was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.
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d. relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
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A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was a. the promise of increased wages. b. bribes of candy. c. heavy fines for lost time. d. lectures and schooling in the rules to parents. e. repeated beatings.
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e. repeated beatings.
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The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now a. were often paid in kind. b. no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage. c. were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust. d. got both good wages and many fringe benefits unknown before. e. became serfs, legally tied to factories.
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b. no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
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Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held a. ironically, in New York City. b. at Kensington Palace. c. in the newly built Crystal Palace. d. at scattered locations across England and Wales. e. in the basement of Parliament.
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c. in the newly built Crystal Palace. Kensington in London in the Crystal Palace which was an enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron
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One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of a. banking facilities. b. roads and means of transportation. c. manpower. d. capital for investment. e. lack of intellect.
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b. roads and means of transportation.
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To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to a. export fewer goods to continental countries. b. prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad. c. limit financial investment overseas. d. increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods. e. permanently dismantle its empire.
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b. prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad. also, Subsidized inventors, provide incentives to factory owners, improved transportation network.
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Industrialization began on the continent first in a. Spain and Italy. b. Belgium, France and Germany. c. Russia and Sweden. d. Sweden and Denmark. e. Russia.
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b. Belgium, France and Germany. Continental industrialization differed from Great Britain's in that the continent was dependent on joint-stock investment banks like the Credit Mobilier (France), Darmstadt Bank (Germany), and the Kreditanstalt (Austria)
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One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that a. government played a larger role in British industrialization. b. Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals. c. government played a larger role in Continental industrialization. d. Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain. e. none of the above
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c. government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
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Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by a. using serfs to provide cheap labor in factories. b. paying workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do. c. protecting infant industries with high tariffs. d. freeing private enterprise from government interference. e. conquering neighboring countries to provide captive markets.
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c. protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
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Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790? a. Samuel Slater. b. Richard Arkwright. c. Eli Whitney. d. Samuel Newcomen. e. John Brown.
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a. Samuel Slater
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By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except a. Germany. b. Belgium. c. the United States. d. France. e. Russia.
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e. Russia.
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Who wrote Life on the Mississippi? a. Walt Whitman. b. Edgar Allen Poe. c. Meriwether Lewis. d. Mark Twain. e. Tom Sawyer.
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d. Mark Twain.
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The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were a. France and Italy. b. Belgium and Germany. c. Prussia and Poland. d. Russia and Austria. e. the Scandinavian countries.
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b. Belgium and Germany.
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In the United States, right after the Civil War what began to replace steam boats as a viable mode of transportation on may routes? a. bicycles. b. personal automobiles. c. rickshaws. d. trains. e. horses.
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d. trains. due to the physical size of the US, a good transportation system was essential to the industrialization process by 1860, there was 27,000 miles of railroad track in the US
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In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of a. the Dutch East India Company. b. the French Foreign Legion. c. the Qing dynasty of China. d. the British East India Company. e. the United States military.
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d. the british east india company
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By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80 percent of the wealth in America? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 40 percent d. 60 percent e. 80 percent
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a. 10 percent
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Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because a. Britain had more unskilled laborers. b. there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S. c. there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain. d. there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S. e. there was a labor surplus in the U.S.
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d. there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
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The so-called American System was a. high tariffs to protect new industries. b. the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing. c. a common market for the western hemisphere. d. free trade and the absence of tariffs. e. wage and price controls.
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b. the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.
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By 1850, the European population a. could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept. b. was close to figures from 1800. c. was over 58 million. d. was over 173 million. e. was over 265 million.
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e. was over 265 million. population increases had already begun in the 18th Century, but they became dramatic in the 19th Century from 1750 to 1850, the population in Europe rose from 140 million to 266 million
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The European population explosion of the nineteenth century a. is mainly explained by the increased birthrates across Europe. b. was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe. c. was due to the lack of emigration. d. was due to increased immigration. e. occurred despite the proliferation of major epidemic diseases.
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b. was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe. (Irish Potato Famine was a big exception)
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The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was a. Russia. b. Italy. c. Austria. d. France. e. Ireland.
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e. Ireland.
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Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century a. was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain. b. caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850. c. was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization. d. accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe. e. reduced the cost of the central governments.
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c. was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
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Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century? a. Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration. b. A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most large cities. c. Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside. d. Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health. e. Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s
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d. Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
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Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw a. the aristocracy move from cities to escape the ill effects of factory development. b. the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor. c. laboring classes become more affluent and varied in their places of residence. d. rich and poor more commonly living together in new suburban housing developments. e. the abandonment of the central city.
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b. the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
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Edwin Chadwick a. was a leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor. b. wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages. c. advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act. d. was representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class. e. opposed any and all government involvement in economic and social issues.
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c. advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act. one of the best of the new breed of urban reformers became obsessed with eliminating the poverty and squalor in metropolitan areas was Secretary of the Poor Law Commission in Great Britain
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Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"? a. Gustav Flaubert b. Emile Zola c. Herman Melville d. Charles Dickens e. George Eliot
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d. charles dickens
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Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century a. particularly excluded aristocrats. b. were responsible for the predominance of giant corporate firms by 1850. c. were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds. d. were more often from the lower classes than the bourgeoisie. e. were always from the bourgeoisie.
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c. were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.
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The new social class of industrial workers in the early industrial revolution. a. did not include women. b. worked under dangerous conditions for long hours. c. excluded children from factory work. d. unionized and achieved a good amount of political power. e. demanded a socialist economic system.
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b. worked under dangerous conditions for long hours. at the mercy of profit-maximizing bosses
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A primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was a. a lack of compulsory education laws. b. low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment. c. there was an overabundance of children in society. d. poor parental supervision. e. lack of other educational and professional opportunities.
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b. low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.
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Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution a. were given the same pay as men. b. instigated dramatic change in pre-industrial kinship patterns. c. never represented a large percentage of the workers in textile factories. d. did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns. e. increased their social status.
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d. did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
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The English Poor Law Act of 1834 a. established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live. b. placed a tax rate of 50 percent on the wealthy and redistributed that money to the poor. c. never got out of parliament. d. reclassified people with less than one hundred pounds annual income as poor. e. forced the poor into the British navy.
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a. established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
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The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living a. especially benefited the middle classes. b. led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society. c. eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes. d. a and c e. all the above
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e. all of the above
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The Chartists in England wanted to a. break machines and burn factories. b. make Parliament more democratic. c. overthrow capitalism through revolution. d. chart the expenditures of government money. e. strengthen labor unions.
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b. make Parliament more democratic.
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The Luddites a. received little support in their areas of activity. b. destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood. c. were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain. d. was the first movement of working-class consciousness of the Continent. e. demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.
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b. destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
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Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the a. establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847. b. reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day. c. outlawing of women and children in coal mines. d. requirement of daily education for working children. e. appointment of government factory inspectors.
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a. establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.
