Ch 3 & 4: Female & Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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Vulva
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the external genitals of the female, including the pubic hair, mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and urinary and vaginal openings
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Gynecology
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the medical practice specializing in women's health and in diseases of the female reproductive and sexual organs
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Clitoris
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A highly sensitive structure of the female external genitals, the only function of which is sexual pleasure
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Urethra
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the tube through which urine passes from the bladder
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Cavernous Bodies
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the structures in the shaft of the clitoris/penis that engorge with blood during sexual arousal
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Vestibular Bulbs
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two bulbs, one on each side of the vaginal opening, that engorge with blood during sexual arousal
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Bartholin's Glands
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two small glands slightly inside the vaginal opening that secrete a few drops of fluid during sexual arousal
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Vagina
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A stretchable canal in the female that opens at the vulva and extends about 3 to 5 inches into the pelvis
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Speculum
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An instrument used to open the vaginal walls during a gynecological exam
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Kegel Exercises
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A series of exercises that strengthen the muscles underlying the external female or male genitals
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Mucosa
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Collective term for the mucous membranes; moist tissue that lines certain body areas such as the penile urethra, vagina, and mouth
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Grafenberg Spot (G-Spot)
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Glands and ducts in the anterior wall of the vagina. Some women experience sexual pleasure, arousal, orgasm, and an ejaculation of fluids from stimulation of this spot
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Vasocongestin
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the engorgement of blood vessels in particular body parts in response to sexual arousal
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Douching
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rinsing out the vagina with plain water or a variety of solutions. It is usually unnecessary for hygiene, and douching too often can result in vaginal irritation
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Cervix
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the small end of the uterus, located at the back of the vagina
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Uterus
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A pear-shaped organ inside the female pelvis, within which the fetus develops
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Fallopian Tubes
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two tubes, extending from the sides of the uterus, in which the egg and sperm travel
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Fimbriae
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ends of the fallopian tubes, into which the released ovum enters
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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A pregnancy that occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube
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Ovaries
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Female gonads that produce ova and sex hormones
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Ovulation
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the release of a mature ovum from the ovary
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Menstruation
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the sloughing off of the built-up uterine lining that takes place if conception has not occurred
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Menarche
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the initial onset of menstrual periods in a young woman
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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A pituitary hormone secreted by a female during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. It stimulates the development of ovarian follicles. In males it stimulates sperm production
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in the female. In males it is called the interstitial cell hormone (ISCH) and stimulates production of androgens by the testes
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Corpus Luteum
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A yellowish body that forms on the ovary at the site of the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone
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Proliferative Phase
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the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature
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Menstrual Phase
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the phase of the menstrual cycle during which menstruation occurs
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Secretory Phase
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the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
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Symptoms of physical discomfort and emotional irritability that occur 2 to 12 days before menstruation
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
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Premenstrual symptoms severe enough to significantly disrupt a woman's functioning
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Dysmenorrhea
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Pain or discomfort before or during menstruation
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Amenorrhea
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the absence of menstruation
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Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
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A disease that occurs most commonly in menstruating women and that can cause a person to go into shock
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Climacteric
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Physiological changes that occur during the transition period from fertility to infertility in both sexes
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Menopause
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Cessation of menstruation as a result of the aging process or surgical removal of the ovaries
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Hormone Therapy (HT)
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the use of supplemental hormones during and after menopause or following surgical removal of the ovaries
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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the physical characteristics other than genitals that indicate sexual maturity, such as body hair, breasts, and deepened voice
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Penis
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a male sexual organ consisting of the internal root and the external shaft and glans
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Scrotum
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the pouch of skin of the external male genitals that encloses the testes
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Testis
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Male gonad inside the scrotum that produces sperm and sex hormones
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Spermatic Cord
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a cord attached to the testis that contains the vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and cremasteric muscle fibers
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Cryptorchidism
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a condition in which the testes fail to descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotal sac
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Seminiferous Tubules
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thin, coiled structures in the testes in which sperm are produced
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Epididymis
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the structure along the back of each testis in which sperm maturation occurs
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Vas Deferens
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a sperm-carrying tube that begins at the testis and ends at the urethra
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Vasectomy
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Male sterilization procedure that involves removing a section from each vas deferens
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Seminal Vesticals
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Small glands adjacent to the terminals of the vas deferens that secrete an alkaline fluid (conducive to sperm motility) that constitutes the greatest portion of the volume of seminal fluid released during ejaculation
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Prostate Gland
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a gland located at the base of the bladder that produces about 30% of the seminal fluid released during ejaculation
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Cowper's Glands
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two pea-sized glands located alongside the base of the urethra in the male that secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal
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Semen or Seminal Fluid
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a viscous fluid ejaculated through the penis that contains sperm and fluids from the prostate, seminal vesicles, and Cowper's glands
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Erection
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the process by which the penis or clitoris engorges with blood and increases in size
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Ejaculation
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the process by which semen is expelled from the body through the penis
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Emission Phase
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the first stage of male orgasm, in which the seminal fluid is gathered in the urethral bulb
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Expulsion Phase
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the second stage of male orgasm, during which the semen is expelled from the penis by muscular contractions
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Nocturnal Emission
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Involuntary ejaculation during sleep (wet dream)
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Genital Retracting Syndrome (GRS)
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Unusual, culture-bound phenomenon in which a male believes his penis is shrinking and retracting into his body (commonly called Koro)
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Circumcision
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Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis
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Urology
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the medical specialty dealing with reproductive health and genital diseases of the male and urinary tract diseases in both sexes
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Each of the following is a reason for doing a female genital self-exam EXCEPT a. to learn about your body. b. to learn about your feelings related to your genital anatomy. c. to enhance routine medical care. d. to become sexually aroused.
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d. to become sexually aroused.
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Which of the following statements regarding the clitoris is false? a. The only purpose of the clitoris is sexual arousal. b. It has approximately the same number of nerve endings as the head of the penis. c. It is located within the introitus. d. Clitoral stimulation is the most common way women produce arousal and orgasm during self-stimulation.
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c. It is located within the introitus
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Which two structures are found on both sides of the vagina?
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Bartholin's glands & vestibular bulbs
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Which of the following statements regarding the ovaries is FALSE? Select one: a. The ovaries produce sex hormones. b. The ovaries contain thousands of immature ova that are present at birth. c. During each average menstrual cycle, each ovary releases an egg. d. The ovaries are endocrine glands.
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c. During each average menstrual cycle, each ovary releases an egg.
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Vasocongestion is BEST defined as
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engorgement of blood vessels in certain tissues in response to sexual arousal.
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The ____ is located within the anterior wall of the vagina, one-third to one-half way in from the introitus.
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Grafenberg spot
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The first menstrual bleeding is called ____ and typically begins between the ages of ____ and ____.
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menarche; 11; 15
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____ is usually caused by the overproduction of prostaglandins.
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Primary dysmenorrhea
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Increased risk of cervical cancer has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. prolonged use of birth control pills. b. smoking or exposure to cigarette smoke. c. having had several male sexual partners. d. having had genital warts.
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a. prolonged use of birth control pills.
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Which statement about breasts is TRUE? a. The glandular tissue in the breasts responds to sex hormones. b. The best time for a woman to examine her breasts is right before she menstruates. c. The areola is the opening in the nipple. d. Variation in size is due primarily to the size of the mammary glands.
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a. The glandular tissue in the breasts responds to sex hormones.
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Which of the following BEST describes the composition of the penis? a. spongy tissue, skeletal tissue, fibrous tissue, nerves b. nerves, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, spongy tissue c. muscular tissue, skeletal tissue, nerves, blood vessels d. blood vessels, skeletal tissue, nerves, spongy tissue
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b. nerves, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, spongy tissue
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Which of the following courses does a sperm cell follow on its way to the exterior body of the male? a. testes, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis b. testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, epididymis, urethra c. testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra d. vas deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra
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c. testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra
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Sperm is manufactured in the ____ and stored in the ____.
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seminiferous tubules; epididymis
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Research regarding penis size indicates that
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a large penis is not necessary for female sexual pleasure during coitus.
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Which of the following would be LEAST symptomatic of testicular cancer? a. swelling in the scrotum b. a mass within the testicle c. a lesion on the scrotum d. tender breasts and nipples
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c. a lesion on the scrotum
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Which of the following would LEAST likely occur as a result of practicing genital self-exam? a. increased strength of pelvic floor muscles b. increased awareness of genital sensitivity c. increased responsibility for health care d. increased comfort with genital anatomy
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a. increased strength of pelvic floor muscles
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The vulva includes all of the following EXCEPT a. clitoris. b. urethral opening. c. vagina. d. mons veneris.
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c. vagina.
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The labia minora join at the
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prepuce.
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The ____ is composed of the external shaft and glans and the internal crura.
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Clitoris
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__________ is the MOST common way women achieve arousal and orgasm when masturbating.
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Clitoral stimulation
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The hymen
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may serve to protect vaginal tissues early in life.
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Which of the following statements regarding female genital cutting is FALSE? a. Genetial cutting is not practiced in all cultures. b. Genital infibulation is the least extreme form. c. It is practiced in parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. d. It can cause death.
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b. Genital infibulation is the least extreme form.
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The vestibular bulbs
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engorge with blood during sexual arousal, causing the vagina to increase in length.
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The three layers (in order) of tissue found in the vagina are
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mucous, muscle, fibrous
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Rugae refer to
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the folded walls of the vagina.
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All of the following are layers of the uterus EXCEPT a. myometrium. b. endometrium. c. perimetrium. d. perineum.
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d. perineum.
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Menstrual synchrony may be related to
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close physical contact with women and the sense of smell.
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Which of the following would be LEAST likely to cause a urinary tract infection? a. frequent intercourse during a relatively short period of time b. bacteria from the rectum c. bacteria from the vagina d. an imperforate hymen
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d. an imperforate hymen
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Which of the following helps reduce the risk of breast cancer? a. no pregnancies b. onset of menstruation before age 12 c. more than two hours of exercise per week d. never breast fed a child
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c. more than two hours of exercise per week
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All of the following are components of the penis EXCEPT the a. shaft. b. spongy body. c. interstitial cells. d. glans.
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c. interstitial cells.
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All of the following statements regarding Kegel exercises are true EXCEPT a. a man locates the muscle by stopping the flow of urine several times while urinating. b. women can do these exercises too. c. results will be noticed within one week of regular practice. d. better ejaculatory control may be experienced as a result of doing these.
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c. results will be noticed within one week of regular practice.
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All of the following are found in the scrotum EXCEPT a. cremasteric muscle fibers. b. tunica dartos. c. bulbourethral glands. d. testes.
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c. bulbourethral glands.
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Which of the following statements regarding cryptorchidism is FALSE? a. Three to four percent of premature male infants are born with this condition. b. Infertility may be a consequence of this condition. c. This condition often corrects itself. d. This condition is often associated with increased risk of developing testicular cancer.
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a. Three to four percent of premature male infants are born with this condition.
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All of the following are structures associated with the testes EXCEPT the a. frenulum. b. epididymis. c. cremasteric muscle. d. seminiferous tubules.
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a. frenulum.
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Which of the following courses does a sperm cell follow on its way to the exterior body of the male? a. testes, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis b. vas deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra c. testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, epididymis, urethra d. testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra
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d. testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra
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Which of the following statements regarding sperm production is FALSE? a. It usually continues until death. b. It usually begins after the onset of puberty. c. It constitutes approximately 70% of the seminal fluid. d. It takes place within the seminiferous tubules.
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c. It constitutes approximately 70% of the seminal fluid.
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The ____ is located at the base of the bladder and secretes about 30 percent of the seminal fluid released during ejaculation.
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prostate gland
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Which of the following is NOT true of erections? Select one: a. They sometimes occur spontaneously, without sexual stimulation. b. They occur frequently during REM sleep. c. They result from blood engorgement within the penis. d. They occur only after puberty.
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d. They occur only after puberty.
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Which of the following statements concerning penis size is true? a. Smaller flaccid penises tend to expand proportionately more in size during erection than ones that are larger when flaccid. b. Most women say that larger penis size is an important factor in their sexual gratification. c. Penis size is related to race, but not to virility or body build. d. Due to research findings on penile anatomy, few men worry about penis size anymore.
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a. Smaller flaccid penises tend to expand proportionately more in size during erection than ones that are larger when flaccid.
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Testicular cancer accounts for approximately ____ percent of all cancers that occurs in males. It is the MOST common form of cancer in males aged ____.
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1; 20 - 35 years
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The second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States is
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prostate cancer.
