question

As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin

answer

slavery was invigorated

question

Members of the planter aristocracy

answer

dominated society and politics in the South

question

The following are true of the American economy under the Cotton Kingdom:

answer

cotton accounted for half of all American exports after 1840, the South produced more than half the entires world's supply of cotton, 75% of the British supply of cotton came from the South, quick profits from the cotton drew planters to its economic enterprise.

question

Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because

answer

its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land

question

Plantation mistresses

answer

commanded sizable household staff of mostly female slaves

question

Plantation agriculture

answer

was economically unstable and wasteful

question

The plantation system of the Cotton South was

answer

increasingly unstable and wasteful

question

All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation:

answer

it relied on a one-crop economy, it repelled a large-scale European immigration, it stimulated racism among poor whites, it created an aristocratic political elite

question

German and Irish immigration to the South was discouraged by

answer

competition with slave labor

question

All told, only about ____ of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family

answer

1/4

question

_______ saif the following quote, "I think we must get rid of slavery or we must get rid of freedom."

answer

Ralph Waldo Emerson

question

As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised

answer

corn

question

Most white southerners were

answer

subsistence farmers

question

By the mid-nineteenth century,

answer

most slaves lived on large plantations

question

Most slaves in the South were owned by

answer

plantation workers

question

The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because

answer

they could not afford the purchase price

question

The most pro-Union of the white southerners were

answer

mountain whites

question

Some southern slaves gained freedom as a result of

answer

purchasing their way out of slavery

question

The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to

answer

natural reproduction

question

Northern attitudes towards free blacks can best be described as

answer

disliking individuals but liking the race

question

For free blacks living in the North

answer

discrimination was common

question

The profitable southern slave system

answer

hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole

question

Regarding work assignments, slaves were

answer

generally spared dangerous works

question

Perhaps the greatest psychological horror, and the theme of Harriet beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was

answer

the enforced seperation of slave families

question

By 1`860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located in the

answer

Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana

question

As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, salveowners most often used the

answer

whip as a motivator

question

By 1860, life for the slaves was most difficult in the

answer

newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana

question

Forced seperation of spouses, parents, and children was most common

answer

on small plantations and in the upper South

question

The following were true of slavery in the South:

answer

slave life on the frontier was harder than that of life in the more settled areas, a distinctive African American slave culture develoepd, a typical planter had too much of his own prosperity riding on the bakcs of his slaves to beat them on a regular basis, by 1860 most slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" of the Deep South

question

Most slaves were raised

answer

in stable two-parent households

question

Salves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways:

answer

slowing down the work pace, sabotaging expensive equipment, pilfering goods that their labor had produced, running away when possible

question

As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the South

answer

developed a theory of biological racial superiority

question

IN the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was

answer

armed insurrection

question

The following are common with each other:

answer

Nat Turner, David Walker, Denmark Vesey, Gabriel (John Quincy Adams is NOT)

question

The idea of recolonizing blacks to Africa was

answer

supported by the black leader Martin Delaney

question

Match each abolitionist with his publication:

answer

William Loyed Garrison: The Liberator, Theodore Dwight Weld: American Slavery as It Is, Frederick Douglass: Narration of the Life of ... David Walker: Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

question

Arrange the following in chronological order: the founding of the (A) American Colonization Society, (B) American Anti-Slavery Society, (C) Liberty Party

answer

A (1822), B (1833), C (1840)

question

William Lloyed Garrison pledged his dedication to

answer

the immediate abolition of slavery in the South

question

Match each abolitionist with his role in the movement:

answer

Wendell Phillips: abolitionist golden trumpet, Frederick Douglass: black abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy: abolitionist martyr William Lloyed Garrison: abolitionist newspaper publisher

question

Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when they backed the presidential candidate of the

answer

Liberty Party

question

The voice of white southern abolitionism fell silent at the beginning of the

answer

1830s

question

In arguing the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners

answer

placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the western world

question

Those in the North who opposed the abolionists believed that tehse opponents of slavery

answer

were creating disorder in America

question

"Varying Viewpoints" notes that Ulrich B. Phillips made certain claims about slavery that have been challenged in recent years. The following are his conclusions:

answer

Slaves were racially inferior, slavery was a dying economic institution, planters treated their slaves with kindly paternalism, slaves were passive by nature and did not abhor slavery.

question

The pre-Civil War South was characterized by

answer

a well-developed martial spirit, that lack of free, tax-supported public education, a widening gap between rich and poor, a ruling planter aristocracy

question

Cotton became important to the prosperity of the North as well as the South becaue

answer

northern merchants handled the shipping of southern cotton

question

After 1830, the abolitionist movement took a new, more energetic tone, encouraged by the

answer

success of the British abolitionists in having slavery abolished in the British West Indies

question

after 1830, most people in the North

answer

were alarmed by the radicalism of abolitionists like William Lloyed Garrison

question

The slave culture was characterized by

answer

subtle forms of resistance to slavery, tight family bonds despite the illegitimacy of slave marriages, a hybrid religion of Christian andAfrican elements, widespread illiteracy among slaves

question

Before the Civil War, free blacks

answer

were disliked in the North as well as the South, were often mullato offspring of white father and black mothers, were forbidden basic civil rights

question

The following were among the platform planks adopted by the Populist Party in their convention of 1892:

answer

government ownership of the railroads, telephone, and telegraph, free and unlimited coinage of silver in the ration of 16 to 1, a one-term limit on the presidency, immigration restrictions

question

The four states completely carried by the Populists in the election of 1892 were

answer

Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada

question

In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

answer

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional

question

The Chinese word "tong" means

answer

meeting hall

question

With the passage of the Pendleton Act, politicians now sought money from

answer

big corporations

question

In the attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of Credit Mobilizer

answer

distributed shares of the company's valuable stock to key congressmen

question

One result of Republican "hard money" policies was

answer

the formation of the Greenback Labor party

question

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

answer

passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America

question

The 1884 election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was noted for

answer

its personal attacks on the two candidates

question

When he was president, Grover Cleveland's hands-off approach to government gained the support of

answer

buisness people

question

The early populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in

answer

a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South

question

President James A. Garfield was assassinated

answer

by a deranged, disappointed office seeker

question

the "Billion-Dollar Congress" quickly disposed of rising government surpluses by

answer

expanding pensions for Civil War veterans

question

The following internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to the United States:

answer

the disintegration of the Chinese Empire, the seizure of farmland by landlords, the intrusion of European powers, and internal political turmoil

question

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

answer

the withdrawal of federal troops from the South

question

Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from

answer

long years of depression and deflation

question

Match each politician with the Republican political faction with which he was associated:

answer

Roscoe Conkling: Stalwarts James Blaine: "Half-Breeds" Horace Greeley: Liberal Republicans Ulysses Grant: Regular Republicans

question

Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated while in office, the second was

answer

James Garfield

question

Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were usually

answer

party loyalists

question

As a solution to the panic or depression of 1873, debtors suggested

answer

inflationary policies

question

Labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in

answer

the use of federal troops during strikes

question

In the latter decades of the nineteenth century, it was generally true that the locus of political power was

answer

Congress

question

One weapon that was used to put Boss Tweed, leader of New York City's infamous Tweed Ring, in jail was

answer

the cartoons of the political satirist Thomas Nast

question

The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes opened with

answer

scenes of class warfare

question

In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody shirt" were reminding voters

answer

of the "treason" of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War

question

At the conclusion of the Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant

answer

accepted gifts of houses and money from citizens

question

The presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s

answer

aroused great interest among voters

question

During the Gilded Age, the Democrats and the Republicans

answer

had few significant economic differences

question

President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because

answer

his opponents chose a poor candidate for the presidency

question

The major campaign issue of the 1888 presidential election was

answer

tariff policy

question

One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was to

answer

dig for gold

question

The political developments of the 1890s were largely shaped by

answer

the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time

question

One cause of the panic that broke in 1872 was

answer

the construction of more factories than existing markets would bear

question

The railroad of 1877 started when

answer

the four largest railroads cut salaries by ten percent

question

The greatest political beneficiary of the backlash against President Cleveland in the Congressional elections of 1894 were

answer

the Republicans

question

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans with

answer

literacy requirements, poll taxes, economic intimidation, grandfather clauses

question

"Spoilsmen" was the label attached to those who

answer

expected government jobs from their party's elected officeholders

question

Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

______ had a different party affiliation from the other Gilded Age presidents (Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, Chester Arthur)

answer

Grover Cleveland

question

The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents: of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was

answer

Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland

question

President Grover Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of

answer

borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate

question

The Pendleton Act required appointees to public office to

answer

take a competitive examination

question

The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on

answer

the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana

question

One reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the Gilded Age was

answer

sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties

question

The following are related to each other:

answer

Jim Fisk, "Black Friday", Jay Gould, Wall Street gold market ("Ohio Idea" is NOT)

question

On the issue of the tariff, President Grover Cleveland

answer

advocated a lower rate

question

In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

answer

owed his victory to the votes of former slaves

question

The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved

answer

railroad construction kickbacks

question

During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was

answer

political patronage

question

The legal codes that established the system of segregation were

answer

called Jim Crow laws

question

When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following for their request

answer

too risky without government help, too costly without government help, private investors would not accept initial financial losses, impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help

question

During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons

answer

built their railroads with government assistance

question

The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with

answer

land grants

question

Match the railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur:

answer

James J. Hill: Great Northern Cornelius Vanderbilt: New York Central Leland Stanford: Central Pacific

question

The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the

answer

Great Northern

question

One by-product of the development of the railroads was

answer

the movement of people to cities

question

The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was

answer

the railroad network

question

The United States changed the standard time zones when

answer

the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks

question

Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

answer

pools

question

Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to

answer

avoid competition by divide business in a particular area

question

Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by

answer

state legislatures

question

The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

answer

Interstate Commerce Commission

question

ONe of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it

answer

represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business

question

After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States

answer

helped build the nation into an industrial giant

question

One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was

answer

elimination of as much competition as possible

question

Match each entrepreneur with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified:

answer

Andrew Carnegie: vertical integration John D. Rockefeller: trust J. Pierpont Morgan: interlocking directorate

question

Match each entrepreneur with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified:

answer

Andrew Carnegie: steel John D. Rockefeller: oil J. Pierpont Morgan: banking James Duke: tobacco

question

The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of

answer

Henry Bessemer

question

J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. The method was known as an

answer

interlocking dictorate

question

America's first billion-dollar corporation was

answer

United States Steel

question

The first major product of the oil industry was

answer

kerosene

question

The industry became a huge business

answer

with the invention of the internal combustion engine

question

John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry

answer

employing spies, extorting rebates from railroads, pursuing a policy of rule or ruin, using high-pressure sales methods

question

The "gospel of wealth" which associated godliness with riches

answer

held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their God-given money

question

To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to

answer

avoid corporate regulation by the states

question

The ______ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by the state governments

answer

Fourteenth

question

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of

answer

labor unions

question

During the age of industrialization, the South

answer

remained overwhelmingly rural and agriculture

question

The South's major attraction for potential investors was

answer

cheap labor

question

In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted _______ manufacturing to the "new South"

answer

textile

question

Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

answer

the only steady jobs and wages available

question

One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was

answer

the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock

question

The group most affected by the new industrial age was

answer

women

question

Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to

answer

economic swings and depressions, employers' whims, sudden unemployment, illness and accident

question

The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented

answer

a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new woman"

question

Most women workers of the 1890s worked for

answer

economic necessity

question

The following relate to each other:

answer

lockout, yellow dog contract, blacklist, company town (closed shop does NOT)

question

Generally the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

answer

corporations

question

Match each labor organization with the correct description:

answer

National Labor Union: a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s Knights of Labor: the "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration American Federation of Labor: an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions

question

In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National labor Union won

answer

an eight-hour day for government workers

question

One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was

answer

Chinese

question

The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital an labor would disappear when

answer

labor would own and operate business and industries

question

The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies

answer

by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers

question

One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was

answer

lack of class consciousness

question

The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

answer

American Federation of Labor

question

By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and stroke. Nevertheless,

answer

the cast majority of employers continued to take advantage of the situation

question

By 1900, organized labor in America

answer

had begun to develop a more positive image with the public

question

The people who found fault with the "captains of industry" mostly argued that these men

answer

built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers

question

Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that

answer

America has greater social mobility than Europe has

question

All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion

answer

a large pool of unskilled labor, an abundance of natural resources, American ingenuity and inventiveness, a political climate favoring business

question

The tremendously rapid growth of American cities in the post-Civil War decades was

answer

a trend that affected Europe as well

question

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was

answer

the availability of industrial jobs

question

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

answer

the rise of large department stores

question

Which one of the following has least in common with the other four: slums, dumbbell tenements, bedroom communities, flophouses, the "Lung Block".

answer

bedroom communities

question

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

answer

were culturally different from previous immigrants

question

Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape

answer

the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy

question

A "bird of passage" was an immigrant who

answer

came to America to work for a short time and then returned to Europe

question

Most New Immigrants

answer

tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America

question

In the new urban environment, most liberal Protestants

answer

rejected biblical literalism and adapted religious ideas to modern culture

question

The Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affected American religion by

answer

creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and "accomodationists" who supported it

question

Settlement houses such as Hull House engaged in all of the following activities

answer

child care, instruction in English, cultural activities, social reform lobbying

question

The place that offered the greatest opportunities for American women in the period 1865-1900 was

answer

the big city

question

In the 1890s, positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

answer

the native born

question

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following

answer

used as strikebreakers, willing to work for lower wages, difficult to unionize, non-English speaking

question

The American Protective Association

answer

supported immigration restrictions

question

The religious denomination that responded most favorably to the New Immigration was

answer

Roman Catholics

question

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

answer

de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization

question

The "pragmatists" were a school of American philosophers who emphasized

answer

the provisional and fallible nature of knowledge and value of ideas that solved problems

question

Americans offered growing support for a free public education system

answer

because they accepted the idea that a free government cannot function without educated citizens

question

Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

answer

economic independence

question

The post-Civil War era witnessed

answer

an increase in compulsory school-attendance laws

question

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

answer

promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation

question

That a "talented tenth" of American blacks should lead the race to full social and political equality with whites was the view of

answer

W. E. B. Du Bois

question

The Morrill Act of 1862

answer

granted public lands to states to support higher education

question

Black leader Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois

answer

demanded complete equality for African Americans

question

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

answer

became much more common

question

Which university was not among the major new research universities founded in the post-Civil War era

answer

Harvard University

question

During the Industrial Revolution, life expectancy

answer

measurably increased

question

The public library movement across America was greatly aided by the generous financial support from

answer

Andrew Carnegie

question

American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by

answer

printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal

question

Henry George believed that the root of social inequality and social injustice lay in

answer

landowners who gained unearned wealth from rising land values

question

Henry George argued that the windfall real estate profits caused by rising land prices should be

answer

taxed at a 100 percent rate by the government

question

General Lewis Wallace's book "Ben Hur"

answer

defended Christianity against Darwinism

question

Match each of these late-nineteenth-centry writers with the theme of his work

answer

Lewis Wallace: anti-Darwinism support for the Holy Scriptures Horatio Alger: success and honor as the products of honesty and hard work Henry James: psychological realism and the dilemmas of sophisticated women William Dean Howells: contemporary social problems like divorce, labor strikes, and socialism

question

American novelists' turn from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged social realism reflected the

answer

materialism and conflicts of the new industrial society

question

Which of the following prominent post-Civil War writers did not reflect the increased attention to social problems by those from less affluent backgrounds?

answer

Henry Adams

question

In the decades after the Civil War, changes in sexual attitudes and practices were reflected in all of the following

answer

soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics, more women working outside the home

question

In the course of the late nineteenth century

answer

family size gradually declined

question

By 1900, advocates of women's suffrage

answer

argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world

question

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

answer

stresses of urban life

question

The National American Woman Suffrage Association

answer

limited its membership to whites

question

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

answer

middle class women

question

The term "Richardsonian" in the late nineteenth-century pertained to

answer

architecture

question

During industrialization, Americans increasingly

answer

shared a common and standardized popular culture

question

The following sports were developed in the decades following the Civil War

answer

basketball, croquet, college football, baseball

question

By 1900, American cities were becoming

answer

segregated by race and ethnic group

question

The New Immigrants who came to America after 1880

answer

were from southern and eastern Europe

question

New Immigrants coming to America after 1880

answer

were primarily seeking economic opportunity

question

Many native-born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for all of the following

answer

the corruption of city government, low industrial wages, the degradation of life in American cities, importing alien social and economic doctrines

question

By 1900, congressional legislation barred __________ from immigrating to America.

answer

the Chinese

question

Charles Darwin

answer

Came up with the theory that was the foundation for Social Darwinism. The belief that the activities of people, their business and social relationships were governed by the Darwinian principle that the "fittest" will always "survive" if allowed to exercise their capacities with our restriction.

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

In 1875 he built the J. Edgar Thompson Steel Works after his biggest customer the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. By 1890 the Carnegie Steel Company dominated the industry. He retired rich and believed he needed to do philanthropic work. It was shameful to die rich. He built libraries, Carnegie endowment for international peace and Carnegie Hall. He wrote the Gospel of Wealth

question

Knights of Labor

answer

founded in 1869 by Uriah S. Stephens. It was the first national labor organization. It was unsuccessful because it was at first a secret organization. Wanted the 8-hour day, equal pay or equal wok, better wages, abolition of child labor, safety and health laws, abolition of foreign contrast labor, graduated income tax, and government ownership of railroads and public utilities.

question

George Westinghouse

answer

invented the air brake that enabled an engineer to apply the brakes to all cars simultaneously, making it possible to increase the number of trains and the speed at which they traveled safely at. To bear more weight and speed the tracks had to be switched to steel rather than iron.

question

Munn vs. Illinois

answer

a grain elevator whose owner had refused to comply either a state warehouse act, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this kind of act. Legislatures might fix maximum charges; if the charges seemed unreasonable to the parties concerned, they should direct their complaints to the legislature or to the voters, not the courts. Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

question

Thomas Edison

answer

invented the electric light bulb. He had over 1000 patents in his lifetime dealing with motion picture projector, the storage battery, and the mimeograph (machine that produces copies from a stencil). He also invented the incandescent lamp. He was called the "Wizard of Menlo Park" because he decorated his laboratory with a certain light. The Edison Illuminating Company opened a power station in NYC and began to supply current for lighting to 85 consumers (NY times and the banking house). Soon there were 3,000 of these stations around the country. The electricity helped factories and made them safer.

question

Henry George

answer

Californian journalist who published Progress and Poverty a forthright attack on the uneven distribution of wealth in the U.S. He said labor was the only true source of capitol. He proposed the "single tax" which was a tax that would bring in so much money that no other taxes would be necessary and the government would have plenty of funds to establish new schools... it was never adopted. He ran for mayor against Abram S. Hewitt and lost.

question

Haymarket Riot

answer

May 4, 1886 in Chicago following a nationwide strike by AFL and Knights of Labor. Bomb exploded during a protest meeting and 7 people died. 8 anarchists convicted of murder.

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

established in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. Opposed to organizing women and unskilled laborers. They wanted higher wages, improved working conditions, 8-hour days, and use of union made products. They supported collective bargaining.

question

Interstate Commerce Act

answer

It was to OUTLAW competition. Railroads must post reasonable and just rates publicly. Pooling and rebates illegal. Ineffective because they law was weakened by the courts. It established an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) a five person agency. It was the first federal regulatory board to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue cease and desist orders when the roads acted illegally. It was contradictory and less powerful. It challenged the philosophy of laissez-faire.

question

Edward Bellamy

answer

Wrote Looking Backwards, critical of social Darwinism. It sold over a million copies in its first few years. It described a utopian society where all economic activity was carefully planned. He believed all citizens should share everything equally.

question

Gospel Of Wealth

answer

A book written by Andrew Carnegie. It said individuals have power and responsibility.

question

Philanthropist

answer

A person who seeks to promote the welfare of others. Andrew Carnegie became one when he became rich.

question

Sherman Antitrust Act

answer

An act saying any combination "in the form of trust or otherwise" that was "in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations" was declared illegal. Persons forming such combinations were subject to fines of $5,000 a year in jail. Individuals and businesses suffering losses because of actions that violated the law were authorized to sue in federal courts for triple damages. It was to RESTORE competition. It was loosely worded.

question

Homestead Steel Strike

answer

In 1892- one of the most violent strikes in America at the Carnegie Steel Company. 7 people died. 300 Pinkerton detectives were hired and there was a battle where they ultimately surrendered.

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

leader of the Pullman strike and president of the American Railway Union, He ignored the injunction given by Attorney General Richard Olney to stop the interference with mail and interstate commerce so he was arrested and sentenced to 6 months in prison.

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Pullman Strike

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In 1894 at the Pullman Palace Car Company, near Chicago this protest occurred over 25% reduction in wages. Eugene Debs lead this. It went throughout 27 states. President Cleveland sent 2000 troops to restore order and protect the U.S. Mail. There was an injunction given and it became a powerful took for employees to use against strikers.

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J. P. Morgan

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Banking- Bought U.S. Steel Company. He put together the United States Steel, which was the world first billion-dollar corporation. This included all Carnegie's properties, the Federal Steel Company, and important fabricators of finished products as the American Steel and Wire Company, the American Tin Plate Company, and the National tube company.

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Granger Movement

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1867 National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Founded by Oliver Kelley who worked for the US department of Agriculture. They wanted socialization, a sense of community for farmers and after 1873 the membership grew as did their political involvement. They had some issues: railroad and warehouse practices and government control of railroads. They provided cooperative stores, creameries, elevators, warehouses, insurance companies and factories.

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Jacob Riis

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was a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and photographer. He wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890 about tenement life.

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"New Immigration"

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New form of immigration that made it easier for them to reap the benefits.

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Nativism

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An attitude and movement to prevent immigration.

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Ellis Island

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The place in New York where immigrants sailed in to enter the United States.

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Padrone

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a contractor who supplied gangs of unskilled workers to companies for a lump sum usually signed on immigrants who didn't know American wage levels at rates that insured said Padrone a healthy profit.

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Tenement

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4 to 6 story residential apartment houses built on a tiny lot with little regard for adequate ventilation or light.

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Leisure Activities

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Argument by the labor unions saying if workers got more free time they would work harder.

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Settlement Houses

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Jane Adams: She organized the most successful Hull House in Chicago in 1899. It became the model for more than 400 settlement houses in the US. It was run by educated middle class women's.

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Social Gospel

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A religious cusade emphasizing social responsibility as a means to salvation. E.G. The Slavation Army, offered materials and spiritual services to the urban poor.

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Exclusion Act

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In 1882 it excluded Chinese from entering the United States for 10 years. It was repealed in 1943.

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Morrill Act 1862

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Crated land0grant colleges to study the science of agriculture.

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Vassar College

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liberal arts college founded in New York.

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Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

answer

1905 Supreme Court, Lochner v. New York, rules that New York law limiting working hours was unconstitutional (violated the 14th amendment). Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

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Joseph Pulitzer

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He founded the Pulitzer Prize.

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Mark Twain

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During the 1870'2 and 1880's he depicted the vision and sprit of the frontier west.

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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Wrote the "Significance of the frontier" argued that the closing of the frontier in 1890 had ended an era in American History.

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William Jackson Turner

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Yellow Journalism (downplays legitimate news)

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John Dewey

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Dewey was a functionalist psychologist who had many publications in literature. he was for school and civil society

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Ulysses S. Grant

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President from 1869-1877

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Rutherford B Hayes

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"His Fraudulency". President as a result of the Compromise of 1877, he resumed gold payments, refused to expand currency, and didn't overhaul civil service as promised. Elected because of his reputation for honesty and moderation. Complained about treatment of blacks but did nothing to prevent it. He started an era of honesty. He played down the tariff issue. He resumed assumption of hold payments and vetoed bills to expand the currency. He was involved in the Customs House Dispute, where he dismissed Chester Arthur and Alonzo Cornell from their positions as officials of the Customs House when they refused to carry out civil service reform measures. He also passed the Band Allison Act.

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Farmers Alliance

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In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party.

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Band Allison Act

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in 1878 under Hayes, this was established to maintain a higher price for silver & to strengthen declining farm prices and industrial wages, by increasing the volume of money in circulation.

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James A. Garfield

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cut down by an assassination bullet four months after presidency. Fought at Shiloh and became lieutenant colonel major general. He won a seat in congress. He was then shot by Charles J. Guiteau. HE was a Dark Horse from Ohio. HE split the Republican party over competition for office. They became the Stalawarts (favored Grant) and Half-Breeds (a section of the Republican Party who supported civil service reform and opposed corruption.

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Booker T. Washington

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He was born a slave and was educated. He began working as a janitor. He founded the Tuskegee Institute for learning and researching about crops in Alabama. He was a brilliant speaker and believed every black man must pick themselves up by there own bootstrap.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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A man against Washington, who favored "talented tenth" of blacks to attend college and become professionals. From his philosophy the Niagara Movement: 1905 was founded. It was followed by a meeting in opposition to Washington's advocacy of black accommodation to white prejudice. It ended up in the foundation of the NAACP.

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Pendleton Act

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In 1883 it created a Civil Service Commission of 3 members appointed by the president. It tried to establish and administer competitive exams to determine the fitness of civil service employees. It created a list of merit offices/appointments.

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Mugwamps

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eastern Republicans that campaigned for democrats.

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Grover Cleveland

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Elected in 1884-1892. He was a New York governor. He was pro civil service reform and lower tariff. He favored limited role of Federal Government. He cared more for principal. Fathered an illegitimate child. He won against Blaine.

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Benjamin Harrison

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Elected in 1888 and between those years six states were admitted. He also was president during the Pan American Conference were they began negotiations of all trade between north and south America.

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Interstate Commerce Act

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1887- a 5-person agency. Railroads must post reasonable and just rates publicly. Pooling and rebates were illegal. This was ineffective because the courts weakened law.

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Populist Party

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The 1880's led to the foundation of this. It was formed in 1891 and gt involved in the presidential elections of 92, 96, 1900, 04, and 08. They favored pro silver, government ownership of railroad, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, recall (voters can remove a public official from office), initiative (voters propose laws either by a proposition for the voters or for action by a state legislature), and referendum (citizens can circulate a petition through which voters can then vote a law).

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Panic of 1893

answer

Depression! It was caused by agricultural depression, decline in the U.S. Gold reserve, unsound railroad financing, and bankruptcy of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The effects were that banks failed, several railroads went into receivership, strikes, unemployment and violence.

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Coxey's Army

answer

It was organized by Jacob Coxey who proposed a federally sponsored public works. He marched with 500 others in congress. Congress did nothing and Coxey was convicted of "walking on the grass".

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Atlanta Compromise Speech

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Atlanta Compromise was a speech given by Booker T. Washington on the topic of race relations. He addressed the inequality between commercial legality and social acceptance. Presented in front of a white crowd in Atlanta.

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William Jenings Bryan

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Election in 1896, he lost to McKinley. Jennings Bryan was nominee for democrats in 1896, 1900 and 1908. Sec of State under Wilson. Prominent leader of populism, popular democracy and against Darwinism. against free silver, trust busting and anti imperialism.

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"Cross of Gold Speech"

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Cross of gold speech given by Bryan to advocate bimetallism. Wanted silver to be the same as a dollar. Would help reverse deflation over the last 20 years, and with silver's stock rising it would help famers in debt.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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1896- the court decided that separate but equal accommodation did not deprive blacks of equal rights. It was on the books till 1954.

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Muckrakers

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exposed graft, corruption and dishonesty in business. The word was coined by Teddy Roosevelt. They attacked the social ills of the time (slums, prostitution, and delinquency).

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Ida Tarbell

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a muckraker who exposed corruption in Standard Oil Company.

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S.S. McClure

answer

An editor who attacked labor gangsterism in the coalfields and installments for the Tarbell and Stefens series. He showed the immorality of many people in America. He said, "We all have to pay in the end".

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Henry Demarest Lloyd

answer

A Muckraker and a progressive. He worked for the Chicago Tribune. He has been called "the father of investigative journalism" for his groundbreaking work. Wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth.

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Robert La Follette

answer

"Mr. Progressive" Congressman and Senator of Wisconsin. He modeled state progressive reform. E was effective in publicizing progressivism nationwide. In 1911 he organized the National Progressive Republican League in an effort to liberalize the Republican Party. This league effectively split the Republican Party and resulted in the creation of the Progressive Party.

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William McKinley

answer

He had a "front porch" campaign. He wanted tariff increases, the gold standard, prosperity, and overseas imperialism. Leon Czolgosz at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo New York assassinated him on September 6 1901.

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Teddy Roosevelt

answer

Vice President of McKinley and when he was assassinated took over as president. He demonstrated legislative leadership in advocating Progressive reforms and inaugurated federal regulation of economic affairs. Called a "trust buster". Won for president in 1904. He promised a "Square Deal".

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Lochner v. New York

answer

Saying a New York law limiting the working hours was unconstitutional. Limited working hours.

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Initiative

answer

voters propose laws either by a proposition for the voters or for action by a state legislature.

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Northern Securities Case

answer

Teddy ordered the Justice Department to use the Sherman Antitrust Act against this railroad monopoly in the NW. By 1904 the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Security Company he "dissolved. It got Teddy's nickname the "trust buster" for him.

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IWW

answer

International Workers of the World: Wobblies: in 1905 it was founded b "Big Bill" Haywood. It supported militant agitation, will full obstruction of industry, and damage to businesses in case of disputes. It declined because people didn't like its militant objectives.

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Hepburn Act

answer

in 1906 it was emplaced. It enlarged the ICC to seven members. Authority to determine railroad rates and prescribe bookkeeping methods. It also prohibited free passes.

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Upton Sinclair- The Jungle

answer

from this it helped the meat inspection Act of 1906 get passed. He described the unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.

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National Conservation Conference

answer

1908- attended by congressman, Teddy's cabinet, Supreme Court and 34 governors. Emphasis and publicity on issues of conservation. Recommended for conservation.

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Muller v. Oregon

answer

The decision made in Lochner v. New York was modified in 1908 when S.C. upheld an Oregon statute that limited the length of the workday for women to 10 hours.

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William Howard Taft

answer

Election of 1908 he won. Prosecuted more trusts than Roosevelt. Supported income tax and direct election of senators. He split the Republican Party in half.

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NAACP

answer

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was founded in 1909, promoted the rights of African Americans and initially fought against lynching, but under Roy Wilkins. Their main goal was to get rid of segregation.

question

Pinchot-Ballinger Affair

answer

A Power struggle between Gifford Pinchot and Richard Ballinger, SSecretary of the Interior. Ballinger had removed 1 million acres of forest and mineral land from the reserved list, which betrayed conservation policy. Taft supported Ballinger and dismissed Pinchot when he asked Congress to investigate the matter. The congressional committee also pardoned Ballinger. This contributed to the split of the republican party.

question

Bull Moose Party

answer

1912- Lead by Robert La Follette. It was created in the opposition towards Taft. Theodore Roosevelt was their candidate.

question

Woodrow Wilson

answer

NEW FREEDOM- he won the election of 1912. He advocated elimintation of monopolies and tariff reform, income tax reform, currency and credi t reform, and antitrust legislation. He sponsored measure that expanded the role of the national government in regulation the economy and shaping economy's and social structure.

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Sixteenth Amendment

answer

authorized federal income taxes

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Seventeenth Amendment

answer

required popular election of senators

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18th Amendment

answer

18th: Prohibition in the United States because of that citizen's sex

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19th Amendment

answer

Women got to vote!

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Underwood- Simmons Tariff

answer

reduced rates to 27% and imposed income tax.

question

Federal Reserve Act

answer

Glass Owen Act: creation of the federation of reserve, supported loans to private banks at an interest or "discount rat" sat by the FRS, federal reserve notes, board of seven members, later 8/ presidential appointments.

question

Federal Trade Commission Act

answer

5- member board meant to investigate the operation of corporations, to require published reports, and to issue cease-and-dentist orders against corporations.

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Clayton Anti-trust Act

answer

designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. "unfair methods of competition" expanded to include: price of discrimination, interlocking directories, purchase by one company of sock in competing corporations, contrasts limiting the right of purchasers to handle the products of competing companies.

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Niagara Movement

answer

1905 was founded. It was followed by a meeting in opposition to Washington's advocacy of black accommodation to white prejudice. It ended up in the foundation of the NAACP.

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New Nationalism

answer

Teddy Roosevelt's support for a federal tariff reform and women's suffrage. Also wanted regulation of labor relations, a minimum wage for women, initiative, referendum, recall, direct elections of senators, direct primaries and antitrust legislations.

question

Teddy Bear

answer

came out in 1903 in honor of teddy Roosevelt.

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NAWSA

answer

National American Woman Suffrage Association: American Women of Suffrage Association: focused on women voting and nothing else combined with the National Women Suffrage Association: focused on all women's suffrage, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890. They argued society would improve if the electorate consisted of women because it would be less corrupt. Another great leader was Carrie Chapman Catt, who was organized, politically skillful, and had a huge commitment to social reform. The NAWSA's main objective was to get women the right to vote. They focused on a state-to-state approach. After the Congressional Union (Alice Paul and Alva Belmont) focused on amending the constitution to give women the right to vote the NAWSA began focusing on constitutional amendments. By 1919 ¾ of the states agreed and the nineteenth amendment was in affect.

question

Emma Goldman

answer

"Red Emma" Goldman, "typical American immigrant" because she held on to the culture of her old country, Russia, but also insisted she was an American patriot. Organized the No-Conscription League to provide aid and comfort for men who were drafted. Arrested for conspiring to persuade men to not register for the draft. Founded Mother Earth.

question

Purchase of Alaska

answer

(1867) purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, instigated by William Steward. Was significant because it ridded the continent of another foreign power.

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William Steward

answer

(1866) Secretary of State who demanded that the french withdraw from Mexico, and moved 50,000 troops to the Rio Grande until the french left. Also instigated the purchase of Alaska, Midway Islands, and annexed Hawaii and the Dominican Republic.

question

Midway Islands

answer

(1867) a group of islands in the western pacific purchased by William Steward.

question

Darwin's theories

answer

theories that became applicable in the time in international relations; took on the ideas of manifest destiny

question

John Fiske

answer

darwinist historian who argued that the US democratic system was clearly the "fittest," and it would eventually spread worldwide.

question

Josiah Strong

answer

(1885) author of Our Country; found racist and religious justifications for expansion, based on the theory of evolution.

question

Alfred Thayer Mahan

answer

captain and author of two books, who developed the theory that with a big modern navy, the US would be good in war, prosperous out of war, and be able to annex places in the Caribbean and make them colonies.

question

"Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

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(1890) Alfred Thayer Mahan's book showing how in the past, nations with good navys were prosperous, etc. Went o prove his theory.

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Henry Cabot Lodge

answer

Massachusetts congressman and member of the Naval Affairs Commitee who pushed a warship-making act, pressed for expansionist policies based on Mahan, and advocated to expand and modernize the US naval fleet.

question

Pearl Harbor

answer

(1887) US naval base in Hawaii that the US obtained through a reciprocity treaty.

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McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

answer

act discontinuing the duty on raw sugar which hurt Hawaiians because it destroyed the advantage they gained through the reciprocity treaty.

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Queen Liliuokalanai

answer

a nationalist queen who attempted to rule Hawaii as an absolute monarch. This caused the americans to stage a coup, deposing the queen and setting up a provisional government.

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

answer

(1850) treaty between US and Great Britain agreeing that neither nation would exclusively control an inter-oceanic canal. Britain violated this by hiring someone to build them a canal, and the US threatened to do things that would also violate the treaty.

question

General Valeriano Weyler

answer

(1896) Spanish governor of Cuba who placed the rural population in reconcentration camps to deprive the rebels of recruits and thus keep himself in power.

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reconcentration camps

answer

the spanish refugee camps into which cuban farmers were herded to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independance from Spain.

question

Joseph Pulitzer

answer

owner of the New York World, who published about the atrocities in Cuba to keep resentment alive and increase his newspaper circulation in the midst of competition.

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William Randolph Hearst

answer

owner of the New York Journal, who published about the atrocities in Cuba to keep resentment alive and thus keep his newpaper competitive.

question

Depuy de Lome letter

answer

letter from spanish minister de Lome to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in te New York Journal. It insulted McKinley and his efforts in Cuba, leading to de Lome's hasty resignation.

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USS Maine

answer

(1898) boat that exploded and sand in Cuba, killing many americans. Americans believed it was the Spainards doing, and pressed for war, revelaing US anti-spanish feelings.

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Teller Amendment

answer

(1898) a rider to the war resolution with Spain whereby Congress pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba, and that it would recognize Cuba's independance from Spain.

question

Admiral Dewey

answer

admiral who suprise attacked and took over Manila Bay in the first action of the Spanish American War.

question

Rough Riders

answer

name of the army regiments made up of volunteers, who scrambled for supplies, shoving aside other regiments if need be. Teddy Roosevelt led one.

question

Teddy Roosevelt

answer

leutenant colonel of a group of Rough Riders, who fought in the Spanish Amerian war.

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Treaty of Paris

answer

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

question

anti-imperialists

answer

those who opposed annexation of the Phillipines, declaring it unconstitutional to do so.

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William Jennings Bryan

answer

leader of the Democrats, who opposed and could have convinced others to oppose, the ratification of annexing the Phillipines. However, he said yes so there would be no further war with Spain.

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Phillipine Insurrection

answer

(1899) a reblling of the Phillipines, which US soldiers responded to by sneak attacking, torturing, etc. the Phillipine people.

question

Emilio Aguinaldo

answer

the man who worked with Dewey to overthrow Spainish rule of the Phillipines, but who later rebelled against the US during the Phillipine Insurrection.

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Foraker Act

answer

(1900) act establishing a civil government for Puerto Rico, which was neither fully american nor fully independant. Also placed a tariff on Puerto Rican products coming into the US.

question

Downes vs. Bidwell

answer

(1901) Supreme Court case in which the Foraker tariff was challenged on the grounds that Puerto Rico was part of the US. The ruling upheld the duty.

question

Platt Amendment

answer

(1901) a law which stipulatd the conditions for the withdrawal of US forces from Cuba; it also transferred the ownership of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay to the US.

question

Naval base in Cuba

answer

a stipulation of the Platt amendment that gave the US ownership of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

question

Roosevelt Corollary

answer

(1904) an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, propounded by President Roosevelt, asserting that the US had a right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations that had become unstable. Made US the "hemisphere policeman."

question

Open Door Policy

answer

(1899) a policy propounded by Secretary of State John Hay affirming the territorial integrity of China and a policy of free trade.

question

Boxer Rebellion

answer

the chinese rebellion in which the chinese nationalists drove all foreigners under seige. International rescuers had to come and save these foreigners.

question

Gentleman's Agreement

answer

(1907) agreement in which the Japanese promised not to issue passports to laborers seeking to come to the US, in return for no Japanese segregation in the US.

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Treaty of Portsmouth

answer

(1905) treaty that ended the Russian Japanese War. Russia and Japan had to give up Manchuria, and each got back and lost some land, etc.

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

answer

(1901) treaty getting rid of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; allowed the US to build a waterway as long as all other nations could use it.

question

Hay-Herran Treaty

answer

(1903) treaty that, had it been ratified, would have provided the US with a lease on a strip of land in Panama for $10 million and additional annual payments to Columbia.

question

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

answer

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

question

Dollar diplomacy

answer

President Taft's policy that promoted US economic penetration to underdeveloped nations, especially in Latin America. It sought to strengthen US influence without use of US troops or control.

question

imperialism without colonies

answer

Americas shortlived imperialistic time in which the US pursued a course that promoted economic penetration of underdeveloped areas without the trouble of owning and controlling them.

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