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1. The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called ______. a. personality b. nurture c. a trait d. nature

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1. a. personality

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3. The ________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning, and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and actions. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. trait d. behaviorist

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3. d. behaviorist

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4. Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives? a. humanistic perspective b. trait perspective c. projective perspective d. inventory perspective

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4. a. humanistic perspective

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40. Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality? a. statistical rarity b. subjective discomfort c. situational context d. social norm deviance

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40. b. subjective discomfort

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41. One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional distress or ______. a. subjective discomfort b. social deviance c. statistical rarity d. situational context

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41. a. subjective discomfort

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42. Dave, a graduate student, has difficulty talking to groups. Unfortunately, he has chosen a career in which he must speak to large groups of people. The night before a presentation he tosses and turns, and the resulting lack of sleep makes the situation worse. When he makes a presentation, he often becomes confused and stumbles over his words. As a result, he feels worthless and miserable. Which two criteria of abnormal behavior are most useful in analyzing this case? a. inability to function normally and statistical rarity b. subjective discomfort and inability to function normally c. statistical rarity and deviance from social norms d. deviance from social norms and subjective discomfort

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42. b. subjective discomfort and inability to function normally

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43. The ______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. naturalistic d. cognitive-behavioral

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43. a. biological

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44. The psychoanalytic model of abnormal behavior is based on the work of ______. a. Freud b. Perls c. Rogers d. Skinner

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44. a. Freud

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45. The psychoanalytic model holds that abnormal behavior is the result of ______. a. learning b. repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns c. biology d. biochemical imbalances

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45. b. repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns

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46. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of ________. a. repressed thoughts and memories that try to resurface b. a set of learned responses c. illogical thinking patterns d. chemical imbalances and brain damage

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46. b. a set of learned responses

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47. Linda is afraid of cats because when she was a little girl a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the best explanation of Linda's fear? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. sociocultural d. psychoanalytic

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47. b. behavioral

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48. According to the cognitive perspective, disordered behavior is the result of ______. a. repressed thoughts and memories that try to resurface b. a set of learned responses c. illogical thinking patterns d. chemical imbalances and brain damage

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48. c. illogical thinking patterns

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49. A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client. Which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention? a. learned behaviors of depression b. unusual levels of neurotransmitters c. negative interpretations of life events d. a superego that is too harsh and strict

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49. c. negative interpretations of life events

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50. _______is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. a. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) b. The Physician's Desk Reference c. The Textbook of Psychological Disorders d. The Textbook of Physiological Disorders

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50. a. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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51. The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to _____. a. help psychologists assess only normal behavior b. keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum c. help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders d. describe the causes of common physiological disorders

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51. c. help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

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52. How many axes of data are considered in a full DSM-based diagnosis? a. 3 b. 5 c. 6 d. 10

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52. b. 5

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53. When a psychologist or psychiatrist is using the DSM-IV-TR as a guide to evaluating a client, he or she would assess the client on each of five ______. a. axes b. stages c. phases d. steps

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53. a. axes

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54. Which of the following is NOT an Axis I disorder of the DSM-IV-TR? a. sexual and gender identity disorders b. factitious disorders c. personality disorders d. substance-related disorders

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54. c. personality disorders

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55. Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR consists of _______. a. global assessment of functioning b. clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention c. psychosocial and environmental problems d. personality disorders and mental retardation

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55. b. clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

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56. Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR consists of ________. a. global assessment of functioning b. clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention c. psychosocial and environmental problems d. personality disorders and mental retardation

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56. d. personality disorders and mental retardation

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57. Axis III of the DSM-IV-TR includes ________. a. physical disorders that affect a person's psychological adjustment b. all psychological disorders except personality disorders c. information about problems in the person's life that might affect adjustment, such as death of a loved one d. an overall judgment made by the psychological professional of the person's mental health and adjustment based on a scale from 0 to 100

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57. a. physical disorders that affect a person's psychological adjustment

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58. Axis IV of the DSM-IV-TR includes ________. a. all physical disorders that affect a person's psychological adjustment b. all psychological disorders except personality disorders c. information about problems in the person's life that might affect adjustment, such as death of a loved one d. an overall judgment made by the psychological professional of the person's mental health and adjustment based on a scale from 0 to 100

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58. c. information about problems in the person's life that might affect adjustment, such as death of a loved one

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59. Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR contains an overall judgment made by the psychological professional of the person's mental health and adjustment based on a scale from 0 to 100? a. Axis II b. Axis III c. Axis IV d. Axis V

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59. d. Axis V

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60. What of the following is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder in the United States? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. dysthymic disorder c. substance-abuse disorder d. schizophrenia

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60. b. dysthymic disorder

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61. What is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder in the United States? a. specific phobia b. social phobia c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

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61. a. specific phobia

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62. Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of ______. a. mood disorders b. dissociative neurosis c. anxiety disorders d. amnesia

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62. c. anxiety disorders

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63. An irrational, persistent fear of something is called a ______. a. mania b. obsession c. phobia d. compulsion

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63. c. phobia

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64. People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. a. agoraphobia b. social phobia c. specific phobia d. interactive phobia

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64. b. social phobia

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65. Fears of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as ______ phobias. a. specific b. social c. primary d. innate

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65. a. specific

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66. Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called ______. a. agoraphobia b. a social phobia c. a specific phobia d. trypanophobia

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66. a. agoraphobia

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67. Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating? a. phobia b. compulsion c. panic attack d. affective disorder

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67. c. panic attack

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68. A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called ______ disorder. a. obsessive-compulsive b. delusional c. post-traumatic stress d. passive-aggressive

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68. a. obsessive-compulsive

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69. Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called _________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called________. a. intrusions; impulses b. obsessions; compulsions c. impulses; intrusions d. compulsions; obsessions

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69. b. obsessions; compulsions

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70. The behavioral perspective views anxiety as ______. a. a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface b. a learned reaction c. the result of illogical, irrational thought processes d. linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system

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70. b. a learned reaction

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71. Sandy has the tendency to make everything seem so much worse than it actually is. Beck would say that Sandy has a tendency to engage in _______. a. overgeneralization b. minimization c. all-or-nothing-thinking d. magnification

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71. d. magnification

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72. Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as ______ disorders. a. conversion b. somatoform c. mood d. dissociative

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72. c. mood

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73. The term affect is used by psychologists to refer to ______. a. thought b. emotion c. behavior d. intuition

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73. b. emotion

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74. Which of the following best describes dysthymia? a. a mild, chronic form of depression b. a severe, intermittent form of depression c. a form of depression that affects biological functions such as appetite d. a form of depression that is very responsive to electroconvulsive therapy

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74. a. a mild, chronic form of depression

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75. Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause is called ______. a. dysthymia b. bipolar disorder c. hypomania d. major depression

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75. d. major depression

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76. A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between ________. a. anxiety and mania b. depression and manic episodes c. mania and schizophrenia d. depression and schizophrenia

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76. b. depression and manic episodes

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77. Which cognitive event, often attributed to the work of Martin Seligman, is hypothesized as contributing to the development and maintenance of major depression? a. self-efficacy b. learned helplessness c. reciprocal determinism d. all-or-none thinking

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77. b. learned helplessness

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78. A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is likely suffering from_______. a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. a dissociative disorder d. passive-aggressive personality

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78. a. schizophrenia

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79. False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as ______. a. delusions b. hallucinations c. obsessions d. compulsions

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79. a. delusions

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80. Delusions of ________are false beliefs held by a person who is convinced that others are trying to hurt them in some way. a. persecution b. grandeur c. reference d. influence

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80. a. persecution

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81. False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called ______. a. delusions b. hallucinations c. obsessions d. compulsions

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81. b. hallucinations

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82. Laurie, a 30-year-old homemaker, has delusions and hallucinations, often acts silly, giggles loudly and inappropriately, makes odd gestures, and does not bathe or change her clothes regularly. Her symptoms indicate she is suffering from ______ schizophrenia. a. disorganized b. catatonic c. undifferentiated d. paranoid

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82. a. disorganized

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83. The primary feature of ______ schizophrenia is severe disturbance of motor behavior. a. disorganized b. catatonic c. residual d. paranoid

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83. b. catatonic

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84. People with ______ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others. a. personality b. somatoform c. affective d. schizophrenic

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84. a. personality

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85. John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ______ personality disorder. a. schizoid b. schizotypal c. passive-aggressive d. antisocial

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85. d. antisocial

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86. Which of the following people would be most likely to receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder? a. Marlon, who works as a long-distance truck driver so that he doesn't have to interact with people more than necessary. b. Monet, who cannot make a decision without first knowing what her boyfriend thinks is best. c. Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood. d. Lizette, who has a history of multiple suicide attempts.

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86. c. Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood.

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87. Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder. a. antisocial b. avoidant c. dependent d. borderline

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87. d. borderline

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97. What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist? a. to facilitate transference b. to eliminate the client's undesirable behaviors c. to provide unconditional positive regard d. to help clients become more aware of their own feelings

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97. d. to help clients become more aware of their own feelings

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102. The form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is called _______. a. token economy b. operant conditioning c. aversion therapy d. participant modeling

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102. c. aversion therapy

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103. Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is ______ therapy. a. cognitive b. psychoanalytic c. behavior d. person-centered

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103. a. cognitive

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