question

The antimicrobial or agent: Penicillin
affects the pathogen by...

answer

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis

question

The antimicrobials: Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, and Streptomycin
affect the pathogen by...

answer

Inhibiting protein synthesis by acting on 70s ribosomes.

question

The antimicrobial agents: Polymyxin b affects the pathogen by...

answer

Causing injury to plasma membranes or disrupting cytoplasmic membranes (both mean the same thing)

question

The antimicrobials: Rifampin and Quinolones affect the pathogen by...

answer

Inhibiting nucleic synthesis or inhibiting the replication of DNA (both mean the same thing)

question

The agent sulfanilamide affects the pathogen by...

answer

Acting as antimetabolites by competively inhibiting enzyme activity (inhibiting general metabolic pathways)

question

The agent: ARILDONE affects the pathogen

answer

By blocking the viruses attachment to its host

question

Synergism

answer

describes the interplay between drugs that results in efficacy that exceeds the efficacy of either drug alone. Some drug combination are antagonistic.

question

Macrolides such as _____1____ block the movement of ___2____And are therefore categorized as inhibiting ________3________ .

answer

1.Erythromycin
2.messenger RNA
3. protein synthesis

question

Aminoglycosides like st-____1____ cause a change in the shape of the smaller 30s _____2______, resulting in misreading of mRNA and insertion of incorrect amino acids.
And therefore should be categorized as _______3_______ in regards to how it combats pathogens.

answer

1. Streptomycin
2.ribosome subunits
3.protein inhibitors

question

The substrate para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA plays what role in a bacteria?

answer

PABA is the substrate used in the metabolic pathway of a bacteria to create folic acid, a necessary coenzyme used in the synthesis of nucleic acid. Recall that humans do not synthesize folic acid instead we acquire it from our diet.

question

How does the drug sulfonamide interfere with a bacterias metabolic pathway?

answer

Sulfa drugs block a step in folic acid synthesis by acting as a competitive inhibitor to PABA.

question

Synthetic drugs called _______1_______ and _______2_______ block _______3_________ in bacterial DNA.

answer

1. Quinolones
2. Fluoroquinolones
3. DNA gyrase

question

The drug rifampin binds to RNA ______1______ and can be used to block ______2________.
And as such should be categorized as inhibiting _______3________, in regards to how it fights pathogens.

answer

1. Polymerase
2. transcription
3. DNA replication

question

Which of the following is a good target for a chemotherapeutic used to treat a bacterial infection
a.bacterial ribosomes
b. the peptidoglycan cell wall
c. DNA gyrase
d. A,B, and C are all good targets
e. none of the above

answer

d.

question

Which chemotherapeutic agent interferes with the integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membranea. tetracycline
b. chloramphenicol
c. polymyxin
d. streptomycin

answer

c.

question

Which chemotherapeutic agent blocks the formation of peptide crosslinks in bacterial cell walls
a. penicillin
b. sulfonamide
c. tetracycline
d. rifampin

answer

a. penicillin

question

What effect would tetracycline likely have on an infection bacterium
a. a reduction in protein synthesis by interfering with tRNA
b. a weakened peptidoglycan layer
c. disruption of the cell membrane
d. inability to replcate DNA by blocking DNA gyrasae

answer

a. a reduction in protein synthesis by interfering with tRNA

question

THF stands for ______1________.
And if disrupted would affect _______2_______ in a bacterial cell.

answer

1. Tetrahydrofolic acid
2. nucleic acid synthesis

question

What drug could disrupt nucleic acid synthesis in a bacterial cell by acting as a competitive inhibitor.

answer

Sulfonamide

question

The antibacterial drug _______1_________ is only used on the skin because its ability to interfere with the ________2_________ also includes human cell membranes.

answer

1. polymyxin
2. cytoplasmic membrane

question

Describe the Influenzavirus Structure

answer

Glycoprotein spike (NA and HA), envelope, ssRNA molecules in protein capsids (min 8 per virion)

question

Describe the glycoprotein spike neuraminidase (NA) on the influenza virus

answer

NA- breaks down mucus to improve access to or release from host cells

question

Describe the glycoprotein spike hemagglutinin (HA) which is one of the two glycoproteins located on the Influenzavirus.

answer

Hemagglutinin (HA)- binds to epithelial cell receptors and triggers endocytosis

question

Flu strains named for type of _____1_____ and ______2______ present in virus _______3_________

answer

1. hemagglutinin(HA)
2. neuraminidase (NA)
3. envelope

question

Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) describe the two ______1_______ that are present on the Influenzavirus.

answer

1. glycoproteins

question

Recall that Flu strains are named for the type of HA and NA present in the envelope, hence H1N1= ___?___

answer

H1N1= type 1 HA, type 1 NA

question

WHO stands for?

answer

World Health Organization

question

How does the WHO track the spread of new strains of influenza viruses---?

answer

-DESCRIPTIVELY

-ANALYTICALLY

-EXPERIMENTALLY

question

The first way the WHO will track the spread of a virus/disease/outbreak is __________ and briefly describe what it entails.

answer

Descriptively
Involves:
-Careful tabulation of data: locations, times, patients, etc.

-Goal is to identify the first bona fide case of the disease

question

What is involved in the "Descriptive" step of tracking an outbreak of a pathogen?

answer

The Descriptive step refers to the first step tha the WHO employ it involves careful tabulation of data: locations, times, patients, etc.

The main goal of the "Descriptive" step is to identify the FIRST bona fide case of the disease.

question

What is the GOAL of the "Descriptive" step of tracking a pathogen such as an Inluenzavirus?

answer

The Descriptive steps goal is to find the FIRST bona fide case of the disease

question

What is the SECOND step that is employed when the WHO wishes to track the spread of a NEW pathogen.

answer

The second step is the Analytical step.

question

Describe the Analytical and second step in tracking the spread of a new pathogen.

answer

Analytically:

-Seeks to determine the probable cause, mode of transmission, and methods of prevention.

-Often retrospective- unpredictable nature of outbreaks mean investigator must become puzzle-solving detectives.

question

The Analytical step in tracking the spread of a new virus seeks to determine the ______1_______, ____2____of _____3_____, and _____4_____ of _______5______.

answer

1. probable cause
2. mode
3. transmission
4.method
5. prevention

question

The third step that the WHO employs when tracking the spread of new strains of a pathogen is:

answer

The Experimental step.

question

Describe the Experimental step in the WHO method to tracking the spread of a new pathogen.

answer

Experimentally
-Testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease
-Application of Koch's postulate is experimental epidemiology.

question

Testing a hypothesis concerning the cause of a disease is involved in the:

a. Descriptive step to tracking the spread of a new pathogen
b. the analytical step to tracking a new pathogen
c. the experimental step to tracking a new pathogen

answer

c. THE EXPERIMENTAL STEP

question

A pregnant woman's placenta is considered a portal of entry for a small subset of microbial diseases.
T/F?

answer

True

question

Microbial pathogen that enter a human body through the mouth can cause disease only if they are inhaled into the lungs.
T/F

answer

False

question

When does a disease become a "pandemic" ?

answer

A disease becomes a pandemic when it travel across more than one area, or when it is spread worldwide.

question

Ryan goes to a cattle ranch from his observations, which of the following would be the MOST likely to expose a portal of entry for diseaseA. Piercing a steer's skin with a sharp injection needle to deliver a routine series of vaccines.

B.Slipping a castration band over a steer's scrotum.
C. Removing a steer's horns and preventing them from growing back by cauterizing the horn follicles. (Cauterization burns and seals the skin and often is used to prevent infection.)
D. Wrestling a steer to the ground and holding him there for routine inspection.
E.Branding the hind quarter of a young steer with a searing hot iron rod that leaves a fully cauterized wound.

answer

A. Piercing a steer;s skin with a sharp injection needle to deliver a routing series of vaccines.

question

It is common practice to cover incredibly painful wounds luike severe burns and shingles outbreaks with sterile dressings. Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why patients are asked to endure the discomfort associated with this techinqueA. The dressings trap moisture against the skin and thus prevent the
wounds from drying out.
B. The dressings remind hospital staff of the severity of the patient’s
wounds.
C. The dressings provide a small amount of warmth to stimulate fever.
D. The dressings cover damaged areas of the skin that could serve as
portals of entry for disease.
E. The dressings stimulate acute inflammatory responses that help the
damaged tissue heal faster.

answer

D. The dressings cover damages areas of the skin that could serve as portal of entry for disease.

question

Your future coworker at Desert Samaritan Hospital goes a bit overboard in her interpretation of the hospital's PPE (personal protective equipment) policy by frantically putting on gloves, a respiratory masl, and a pari of shatter-proof splash goggles. Which of the following portals of entry was your ambitious coworker attempting to protectA. skin
B. mouth
C. lacrimal ducts
D. ear canals
E. A, B, and C are correct.

answer

E. the skin, the mouth, the lacrimal ducts, and the ear canals!

question

What are the three INappropriate ways to control microbial growth in a HUMAN and therefore resort to _______ to control the growth of microorganisms in the body.

answer

The three ways to control microbial growth in something besides a HUMAN are:
-INCINERATION
-UV RAYS FROM SUNLIGHT
-PRESSURE

We resort to DRUGS to control the growth of microorganism in human beings.

question

______ are used to control the growth of microorganisms in the body.

answer

DRUGS!!!!

question

Define Drugs:

answer

chemical that affect physiology

question

Drugs that act against diseases are called _______1________; includes ______2_______ designed to treat infections.

answer

1. chemotherapeutic agents
2.antimicrobials

question

Recite 7 important examples of antimicrobial agents:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

answer

1. amoxicillin (antibiotic)
2. caffeine (stimulant)
3. advil, tylenol (pain killers)
4.percoset, valium, vicodin (more pks)
5. codiene (cough suppressant)
-zoloft, paxil, ambian (sleep aids)
-meth, pot, heroin, PCP, X, E, Z--> NOT COOL FOR SCHOOL

question

Note that antimicrobial agents are relatively new treatments (all discovered within the early 1900s) name 3 men associated with the finding of these new treatments:

1. Paul Ehrlich

2. Alexander Fleming

3. Gerhard Domagk

answer

question

Name the agents discovered by the following men:

Paul Ehrlich-

Alexander Fleming-

Gerhard Domagk-

answer

Paul Ehrlich- Salvarsan (arsphenamine)

Alexander Fleming- Penicillin

Gerhard Domagk- Sulfanilamide

question

Name the three most prominent and important drugs discovered in the early 1900s as well as their discoverers:

1.

2.

3.

answer

1. Salvarsan (arsphenamine)- Paul Ehrlich

2. Penicillin - Alexander Fleming

3. Sulfanilide - Gerhard Domagk

question

Describe the agent Salvarsan (arsphenamine):

answer

It was discovered in 1910 by Paul Ehrlich it was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent. The arsenic compound was used to treat syphilis.

question

The first modern chemotherapeutic agent was....

answer

Salvarsan (arsphenamine) discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1910.

question

Describe the agent Penicillin:

answer

It was discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming. It was not available routinely until the late 1940s. It is produced by Penicillium mold.

question

What agent was not produced until the late 1940s and is derived from Penicillium mold.

answer

Penicillin

question

Describe the antimicrobial sulfanilamide:

answer

It was discovered in 1932 by Gerhard Domagk. It was one of the first widely available and practical ANTIMICORBIAL agent.
It inhibits metabolic synthesis of DNA and RNA nucleotides.

question

_____1_______ inhibits metabolic synthesis of __2___ and ___3___ nucleotides.

answer

1. Sulfanilamide
2. DNA
3. RNA

question

Selective toxicity means....

answer

it will kill the pathogen and not the host. Thank God for that!

question

_____1_______ drugs constitute largest number and diversity of ____2______.

answer

1. Antibacterial
2. Antimicrobials

question

Effective _________ drugs are rare.

answer

Antiviral

question

List the order in reference to the number of useful agents available for the different types of microbes out there.

answer

Antibacterial is first

Antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic is second

Antiviral is last

question

Interpret the following in regards to the number of useful agents available:

Antibacterial is first

Antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic is second

Antiviral is last

answer

The order means that there are more agents or drugs to kill or fight off bateria than there are to fight off viruses, and fungi, protozoa, and helminthics fall in between.

question

What are the 6 ways in which an antimicrobial can act against a microbe:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

answer

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

2.Inhibition of pathogen's attachment to or recognition of host

3. Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis

4.Inhibition of metabolic pathway

5. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

6. Inhibition of protein synthesis

question

Recite 6 important drugs involved in INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS:

answer

1. Penicillins
2. Vancomycim
3. Bacitracin
4. Isoniazid
5. Ethambutol

question

Name 1 important agent involved in THE INHIBITION OF PATHOGEN'S ATTACHMENT TO, OR RECOGNITION OF, HOST

answer

Arildone

question

Name 4 drugs that Inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis:

1.

2.

3.

4.

answer

1.Actinomycin

2.Nucleotide analogs

3.Quinolones

4.Rifampin

question

Name two important drugs that can inhibit the general metabolic pathway:

1.

2.

answer

1. Sulfonamides

2.Trimethoprim

question

Name 2 important drugs that disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane

answer

1. Polymyxins
2.Polyenes (these are antifungal)

question

Name 4 agents involved in inhibition of protein synthesis:

answer

1. Aminoglycosides
2. Tetracyclines
3. Chloramphenicol
4. Macrolides

question

Most common agents prevent ______1________ of NAM subunits in newly synthesized ______2______ cell walls.

answer

1. cross-linkage

2. bacterial

question

______1______ ring binds to enzymes that cross-link ___2__ subunits.

answer

1. Beta-lactam
2. NAM

question

Beta-lactams cause _____1._______ to have weakened _____2._______ and eventually _3____.

answer

1. bacteria

2. cell walls

3. lyse

question

What are the prominent antimicrobials in the group that inhibits cell wall synthesis.

answer

Beta-lactams.

question

Describe Beta-lactam antibiotics:

answer

?-Lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a ?-lactam nucleus in its molecular structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.[1] ?-Lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis by the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics.

question

Bacteria often develop resistance to ?-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing ____1______, an ____2______ that attacks the ?-lactam ring.

answer

1. beta-lactamase
2. enzyme

question

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis prevents ____1____ from crosslinking ___2___ subunits in newly deposited ____3_______ material.

answer

1. bacteria
2. NAM
3. Cell wall

question

The agent involved in inhibition of cell wall synthesis will have no effect on the ____1_____ _____2______ layer.

answer

1. existing
2. peptidoglycan

question

The agent involved in inhibition of cell wall synthesis will only be effective against ____1_____ cells.

What does this mean? 2

answer

1. growing

2. This means that in a biofilm for instance where there are various levels of life, it would not be effective against the dormant layers that are living in this environment.

question

In regards to the agents involved in Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis they would have no effect in ___1___ or __2___ cells because these organisms do not have ___2______ comprising their cells.

answer

1. Plant

2. Animal

3. peptidoglycan

question

Describe the 4 important qualities of semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams.

They are...

1.

2.

3.

4.

answer

1. More stable in acidic environments

2. More readily absorbed

3.Less susceptible to deactivation

4. More active against more types of bacteria. (Think bigger bang for your buck)

question

Recall:
Prokaryotic ribosomes are _1__s in size
and are comrised of a __2__s and __3__s subunits.

Eukaryotic ribosomes are __4__s in size and are comprised of __5___s and ___6___s subunits.

answer

1. 70s

2. 30s

3. 50s

4. 80s

5. 40s

6. 60s

question

Mitochondria of ___1_____ and ____2____ contain __3__s ribosomes, hence drugs that ____4_____ ____5______ synthesis can be harmful to eukaryotes.

answer

1. animals
2.humans
3.70s
4.inhibit
5.protein

question

Some drugs take advantage of the difference in size between _____1_____ and _____2____ ribosomes by selectively targeting and inhibiting _______3______.

answer

1. prokaryotic
2.eukaryotic
3.translation

question

Streptomycin is an example of an ______1______ that inhibits _____2_____ synthesis.

answer

1.aminoglycoside

2. protein

question

Tetracyclines inhibit _____1______ _____2_______

answer

1.Protein
2.Synthesis

question

Chloramphenicol inhibits ____1____ _____2_____.

answer

1.protein

2.synthesis

question

name 4 drugs that inhibit protein synthesis:

answer

The aminoglycoside- streptomycin
Chloramphenicol
tetracyclines
The macrolide: erythromycin

question

Aminoglycosides like ____1_____cause change in __2__s shape; ___3___ is misread.

answer

1. Streptomycin
2. 30s (ribosome subunit)
3. mRNA

question

_____1_______ blocks docking site of tRNA.

answer

1. Tetracycline

question

A _____1_____ such as ______2________binds to __3_s, ____4___ cannot move through ribosome properly. ___________ stops.

answer

1. Macrolide
2. erythromycin
3. 30s (ribosome subunit)
4. mRNA

question

Some drugs such as ______1_________ an antifungal agent become incorporated in the cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity.

answer

Amphotericin B

question

Amphotericin B attaches to the lipid ____1____ found in ___2_____ membranes

answer

1. ergosterol
2. fungal

question

Disruption of Cytoplasmic membrane is achieved by incorporating a drug such as, _____1______ into the cytoplasmic membrane and damaging its integrity.

answer

1. Amphotericin B

question

Amphotericin B is effective against ___1____ and ____2_____ membranes because _____3_____ found in fungal membranes is similar to the _____4_____ found in the human phospholipid membrane bilayer. Hence, a drug such as ______5_______ which uses the mechanism of disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane would NOT be effective against ____6_______ because ____7____ lack these ____8_____.

answer

1. human
2.fungal
3. ergosterol
4. cholesterol
5. Amphotericin B
6. bacteria
7. bacteria
8. sterols

question

Drugs target differences between metabolic processes of ____1_____ and _2____ these drugs are called ______3______ agents.

answer

1. pathogen
2. host
3. antimetabolic

question

Recite the 4 mechanisms of intervention antimetabolic agents can employ when inhibiting metabolic pathways.
1.
2.
3.
4.

answer

1. Heavy metals inactivate enzymes
2. Agents that rid body of parasitic worms by paralyzing them
3.Drugs block activation of viruses
4.Metabolic antagonist (incl. enzyme inhibitors)

question

Define Sulfa Drugs

answer

Sulfonamide or sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides (sometimes called sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.

Sulfa allergies are common,[2] hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully.

question

___1___ drugs and other inhibit metabolic pathways used for biosynthesis of __2____ and __3___ nucleotides. Such as the bacterial synthesis of ______ acid a necessary component in nucleotide synthesis.

Therefore these synthetic sulfa drugs act as a _________ inhibitor by blocking this process

answer

1. Sulfa
2.DNA
3.RNA
4. folic

question

Sulfa drugs block ___1___ in the metabolic process of ___2____ (THF) synthesis that results in __3___ and __4___.

answer

1. PABA
2. Tetrahydrofolic acid
3. DNA
4. RNA

question

The following describes the normal process of the metabolic pathway to create folic acid and ultimately DNA and RNA:

PABA----enzymes------> Dihydrofolic acid-----enzymes-----> Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)------> Purine and pyrmidine nucleotides----> DNA and RNA

1.Where would the drug sulfanilamide interfere in this metabolic process
2. Where would the drug trimethoprim interfere in this metabolic process?

answer

Sulfanilamide would interfere between PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) and dihydrofolic acid synthesis. This means that because of sulfanilamide the metabolic process cannot even get as far as creating dihydrofolic acid in its process to create DNA and RNA.

Trimethoprim would interfere between the transformation of DHF to THF. Meaning that trimethoprim would not allow this metabolic process to even get as far as creating THF.

question

Recall the 6 Ideal Qualities of an Antimicrobial Agent:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

answer

1.safe
2.fast-acting
3.inexspensive
4.low side-effects
5.chemically stable i.e. long shelf-life
6.spectrum of action is appr. for target

question

Broad-spectrum drugs may allow for ___1______ or ____2______ to develop because killing of ___3____ _____4____ reduces microbial ______5______.

A great example of this is the development of ________ infections when women take drugs that significantly lower the microorganism that usually compete with the Candida.

answer

1. secondary
2.superinfections
3. normal
4.flora
5.yeast

question

MIC stands for...

answer

Minimum inhibitory concentration test

question

MBC stands for

answer

Minimum bacterial concentration

question

Name three tests to test the efficacy of Antimicrobial agents:
1.
2.
3.

answer

1.Disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer test)
2. Minimum Inhibitory tests (MIC)
3. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)tests

question

Antimicrobial agent must reach site of _______ if it is to be effective.

answer

infection

question

What are the 2 types of routes of administration we can impress upon the patient?

answer

1. External Administration

2. Internal administration

question

What options does a patient have if he has an external infection?

answer

Topical (local)- direct application of creams and pastes to the skin

question

What options does a patient have if he has an internal infection
And which one is most effective?

answer

1.Oral
2.Intramuscular (IM)
3.Intravenous (IV)

IV because it achieve the highest level of drug in the body in the shortest amount of time.

question

What options does a patient have if he has an internal infection
And which one is most effective?

answer

1.Oral
2.Intramuscular (IM)
3.Intravenous (IV)

IV because it achieve the highest level of drug in the body in the shortest amount of time.

question

Describe all three internal routes of administration.

1.

2.

3.

answer

Oral- simple, but patients don't always follow prescription instructions

Intramuscular (IM)- direct injection into muscle tissue

Intravenous (IV)- direct administration into blood stream via needle or catheter; achieve highest levels of drug in body in shortest amount of time.

question

Antimicrobial drugs must be prescribed with care because some (but not all) have _______ that can be _______.

answer

1. side effects
2. deadly

question

Drugs are often toxic to the _____1_____, _____2________, and ________3_______.

answer

1.kidneys
2.liver
3.nerves

question

___________ forms Ca complexes that damage teeth and bones.

answer

Tetracycline

question

_______________ (antiprotozoan drug) causes hemoglobin remnants to collect on tongue.

answer

Metronidazole

question

Allergies are ______, but can be life threatening. (Wow, is he really saying that? I think thats bs).

answer

rare

question

Describe two common infections that are the result of the disruption of normal flora (note: e.g. of superinfections).

1.

2.

answer

1.Yeast infections- overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vagina (vaginitis)
or mouth (thrush)

2.Pseudomembranous colitis- overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in colon due to clindamycin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

question

Bacteria acquire drug resistance in two ways:

1.

2.

answer

1. Spontaneous mutations of chromosomal genes

2.Acquisition of antibiotic resistance plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

question

Bacteria acquire drug resistance in 2 ways: (watch video)

1. Spontaneous ____1_____ of ____2_____ genes.

2.Acquisition of antibiotic _____3_____ via ______4_______, ____5_______, and ______6________. (Collectively referred to as horizontal gene transfer)

answer

1. mutations
2.chromosomal
3. resistance plasmids (r-plasmids)
4. transduction
5.transformation
6.conjugation

question

Bacterial resistance comes about by the production of an ____1_____ that inactivates or destroys an antibiotic e.g. _____2_____ and other _____3________.

answer

1. enzyme
2. Penicillin
3.beta-lactams (those drugs containing the beta-lactam ring)

question

In reference to Bacterial Resistance it is the production of an enzyme that ______ or destroys an antibiotic such as penicillin and other beta-lactams

answer

inactivates

question

The ability to produce ________1__________ enzyme is one of the most common resistances seen in disease-causing bacteria.

answer

1. beta-lactamase

question

What is beta-lactamase and what does it do?

answer

Beta-lactamase is an enzyme that is highly involved in bacterial resistanc.

question

Describe the 4 ways in which a bacterium can become resistant:
1.
2.
3.
4.

answer

1. Prevention of drug entry into the bacterial cell via changes in membrane proteins (tetracycline)

2.Alteration of drug's receptor withing the bacterial cell wall or membrane (antimetabolites)

3.Alteration of the cell's metabolic chemistry

4.Expression of multidrug resistance protein that pump drugs out of th cell before they can act

question

Describe briefly 4 methods in which we can retard resistance of a drug?

answer

1. Use high concentrations for a long time

2. employ synergism

3. Limit use

4. Develop semisynthetcs and synthhetics

question

Describe in detail 4 Methods for Retarding Pathogen Resistance:

1.
2.
3.
4.

answer

High concentrations of drug maintained inp patient for long enough time to kill all sensitive cell and inhibit others long enough for immune system to destroy

2.Use antimicrobial agents in combination (synergism)

3. Limit use of anitmicrobials to necessary cases

4. Development of new variations of existing drugs by adding novel side chains to original molecule (second third generation)

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