question

Disease:

answer

Pharyngitis

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria gram-positive cocci chains

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets and/or direct contact

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

throat swabs and rapid antibody test; culture on agar rules out any false negatives from the rapid antibody test

question

Prevention:

answer

good hygiene

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics;

question

Disease:

answer

Rhinitis

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

over 200 different viruses most often rhinovirus

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets;

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

clinical presentation

question

Prevention:

answer

good hygiene

question

Treatment:

answer

supportive

question

Disease:

answer

Sinusitis

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

various bacteria or fungi

question

Transmission:

answer

normal flora (opportunistic); trauma

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

clinical presentation; imaging techniques

question

Prevention:

answer

none

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics (bacteria) or anti-fungal

question

Disease:

answer

Acute Otitis Media

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae bacteria

question

Transmission:

answer

Endogenous (from previous infection)

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

clinical presentation; failure to resolve in 72 hours

question

Prevention:

answer

conjugate vaccines (contains bacterial capsular material)

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics; tympanic tubes

question

Disease:

answer

Diptheria

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

corynebacterium diptheriae bacteria gram-positive rods

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets; direct contact; fomites

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

Tellurite medium (gray/black colonies)

question

Prevention:

answer

diptheria toxoid vaccine

question

Treatment:

answer

antitoxin plus antibiotics

question

Disease:

answer

Influenza

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Influenza A, B, anc C viruses

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets, indirect contact (fomites)

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

clinical presentation

question

Prevention:

answer

vaccines: inactivated seasonal vaccines (prediction for flu season); attenuated seasonal (flumist)

question

Treatment:

answer

supportive; antiviral (needed to be started by 2nd day of infection)

question

Disease:

answer

Pertussis (whooping cough)

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Bordetella pertussis bacteria Gram negative coccobacillus

question

Transmission:

answer

droplet contact

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

clinical presentation; bacteria cultured on agar

question

Prevention:

answer

acellular vaccine (DtaP); prophylactic antibiotics;

question

Treatment:

answer

supportive measures; antibiotics

question

Disease:

answer

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

question

Transmission:

answer

droplet and indirect contact via fomites highly contagious

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

direct antigen testing

question

Prevention:

answer

passive antibody for high-risk children

question

Treatment:

answer

supportive (assistive ventilation); antiviral drugs in severe cases

question

Disease:

answer

Tuberculosis (white plague)

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria; M.avium in AIDs patients; M.Bovis from unpasteurized milk.

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

tuberculin testing; chest X-rays; direct identification of acid-fast bacilli; cultural isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing

question

Prevention:

answer

limit exposure to infectious airborne particles; patient isolation in negative-pressure rooms; other extensive precaution

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics

question

Disease:

answer

Pneumonia

question

Causative Agent & Type:

answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria Gram + cocci

question

Transmission:

answer

respiratory droplets or endogenous transfer

question

Culture & Diagnosis:

answer

gram stain; alpha-hemolysis on blood agar

question

Prevention:

answer

polysaccharide vaccine

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics

question

Disease:

answer

Pneumonia (Legionnaire's Disease)

question

Causative Agent ; Type:

answer

Legionella pneumophilia bacteria: Gram - rods

question

Transmission:

answer

vehicle (air and aerosols)

question

Culture ; Diagnosis:

answer

specialized selective agar

question

Prevention:

answer

none

question

Treatment:

answer

antibiotics

question

Disease:

answer

Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia)

question

Causative Agent ; Type:

answer

Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacterial rods

question

Transmission:

answer

droplet contact in close living quarters

question

Culture ; Diagnosis:

answer

tests to rule out any other etiologic agent

question

Prevention:

answer

none

question

Treatment:

answer

not recommended in most cases; antibiotics if necessary

question

Disease:

answer

Pneumonia

question

Causative Agent ; Type:

answer

Hantavirus virus

question

Transmission:

answer

vehicle (rodent urine, feces, saliva contaminated dust)

question

Culture ; Diagnosis:

answer

serology; PCR

question

Prevention:

answer

avoid mouse habitats and droppings

question

Treatment:

answer

supportive

question

Disease:

answer

Pneumonia

question

Causative Agent ; Type:

answer

Histoplasma capsulatum fungi

question

Transmission:

answer

vehicle (inhaled soil contaminated with bad/bird feces)

question

Culture ; Diagnosis:

answer

serology; rising antibody titer

question

Prevention:

answer

avoid contaminated soil, bat/bird dropppings

question

Treatment:

answer

anti-fungals

question

Disease:

answer

Noscomial Pneumonia

question

Causative Agent ; Type:

answer

polymicrobial infection of: streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coliform bacteria

question

Transmission:

answer

endogenous bacteria; normal biota enter lower respiratory tract via abnormal breathing, aspiration, or ventilation

question

Culture ; Diagnosis:

answer

typically only reveals normal flora

question

Prevention:

answer

reduce transfer

question

Treatment:

answer

broad-spectrum antibiotics

Case Studies: Respiratory System

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