Cancer Biology Questions – Flashcards
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Which cancer originates from connective tissue?
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Osteogenic sarcoma
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Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?
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Epithelial cells
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Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
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Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
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Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
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Anaplasia
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What are tumor cell markers?
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Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
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The function of the tumor cell marker is to
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Screen individuals at high risk for cancer
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Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?
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an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer
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Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to
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Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
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Apoptosis is a
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normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
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Many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is an
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intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
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Oncogenes are genes that are capable of
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undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
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Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?
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Chromosome translocation
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In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene?
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Gene amplification
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What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?
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The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off
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Two "hits" are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes becaue
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each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent
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The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by
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altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
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How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?
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To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
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What are characteristics of benign tumors?
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Benign tumors include the suffix -oma
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Which terms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively?
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Lipoma, liposarcoma
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What is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer?
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Human papillomavirus
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The papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
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Cervical
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What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy?
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Infection
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Which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation?
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Colon, thyroid gland, and urinary bladder
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Chronic inflammation causes cancer by
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releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
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Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?
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Tumor-suppressor genes
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What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?
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Cells escape apoptosis
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Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
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Stomatitis
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What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?
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To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
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It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?
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cancer is locally invasive
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Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer?
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Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer
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Which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?
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Cervical
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The survival rate for stage IV Hodgkin disease can be as high as
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70%
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What is the cause of anemia in a patient diagnosed with pancreatic cancer
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Malabsorption of iron
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By what process do cancer cells multiply in the absence of external growth signals?
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Autocrine stimulation
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What is the role of caretaker genes?
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Maintenance of genomic integrity
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in a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a
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proto-oncogene
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Which statement is true regarding pleomorphic cells?
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they are a result of anaplasia
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What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
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Fatigue
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The most common side of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?
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Bones
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Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
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The cells are well-differentiated
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Chemotherapy
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takes advantage of specific vulnerabilities in specific cancer cells
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Radiation
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is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
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Staging
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provides a framework to determine treatment
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Angiogenesis
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is the process of cancer cell growth
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Target agent
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is guided by molecular analysis in specific diseases
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Cervical cancer
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HPV
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Kaposi sarcoma
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Human herpesvirus (HHV)
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Liver cancer
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Hepatis B virus (HBV)
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Stomach cancer
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Helicobacter pylori
