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Causes for the Spanish American War

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USMC for Cuban rebels because the Cubans wanted their independence also the Americans wanted to invest in Cuba but the island was unstable

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1895

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Jose Marti launches a war of independence against Spain uses guerrilla attacks

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Causes of the Spanish American War

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Spanish general Valeriano the butcher weyler devises a plan to start out the rebels also created concentrations camps

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What effect did the public in newspaper articles have on the war

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The newspapers exaggerated reports about the Cuban rebellion in order to get more readers and the president felt more pressured to start a war if the people were mad

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Jingoism

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Aggressive nationalism

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steps to war

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President McKinley Warren the Spanish to do whatever it took to bring peace or the US would settle it the Spaniards tried to settle with the Cubans with the Cubans one of the independence and Spain would not Give it to them

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USS Maine

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McKinley sent the USS Maine to keep it in order to protect American citizens

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More step to war

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Delome letter insulted President McKinley and angered the Americans also the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor

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What event fueled jingoism

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An intense burst of national pride and then desire for an aggressive foreign policy and the US was ready to flex military muscle

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Help obtaining the Philippines

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Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay end Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo defeated the Spanish army in the Philippines

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American troops poorly trained and poorly supplied

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They had old weapons heavy wool uniforms which are bad for the tropical climate and poor rotten food

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Rough riders

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Organized and commanded by Theodore Roosevelt and helped make possible the capture of Santiago Cuba

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The Treaty of Paris

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The US gave Spain 20 million dollars for the Philippines Puerto Rico and Guam

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The pros of the treaty Paris 1898

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US acquire the Philippines the treaty benefits U.S. more than Spain guam an Puerto Rico become part of US territory and US expands influence to be become a new player in world politics

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The cons of the treaty of Paris 1898

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Guerilla fighting against u.s troops in the philppines lasts 3 years. U.S. loses ten times more troops in the Philippines than the spainsh American war. Public opinion in U.S. divided over the issue of imperialism in Philippines. Because of its rising global influence, U.S clashes with China and Japan

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Platt amendment

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The Cuban government couldn't enter any foreign agreements must allow the u.s. to establish a naval base on the island and must give the u.s. the right to intervene whenever necessary

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Pro us expansion

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Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American expansion and a new international frontier would keep Americans from losing their competitive edge and access to foreign markets made the economy stronger

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Anti u.s. expansion

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A moral politicial argument: expansion was a rejection of our nation's that in principle of liberty for all. Racial argument: imperialism was just another form of racism. economic argument expansion involve too many cost of maintaining the armed forces required more taxation debt and possibly even compulsory or required military service in addition laborers from other countries will to compete for jobs with US workers

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Philippines

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Annexed by the US after Spanish American War US soldiers remain there fighting between u.s. in Philippines occurs U.S. occupation continues until 1946

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Filipino insurrection

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Against the US. Led by Emilio aguinaldo. Wanted self rule. Philippines used guerilla tactics (which means don't know where and who. )Americans used concentrations camps. Aguinaldo captured in 1901. War and soon after

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Philippines begin limited self rule

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William Howard Taft becomes the military governor of the Philippines. Extends limited self rule. Order the constructions of roads bridges and schools. Established of Public Health System and help moderize the Philippines

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Imperialism

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Nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker Nations.. economically politically culturally and militarily

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Why did imperialism grow in Europe at the end of the 1800

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Industrial growth countries were looking for new markets to sell their products to

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Why did imperialism grow in Europe at the end of 1800

answer

Raw materials (extractive economies). Nationalism they believed in the superior of the nation

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Why did imperialism grow in Europe at the end of the 1800

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Advances in military technology bigger better navies to protect their colonies. Humanitarian and religious schools belief in social Darwinism or spread Christianity

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Why did US policy makers feel the need to secure new markets abroad

answer

Foreign markets were seen as a necessary to sell the nation's extra products if we don't then we would have to lay people off or fire them. Unsold products could create surpluses that could lead to panic and depression in the US prices go down people lose jobs and money

question

Alfred T Mahan

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Military historian, officer in the US Navy played keys in transforming U.S. into naval power.

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Social Darwinism missionaries and national superiority

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Europeans in Japanese imperialist used ideas of racial national and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. Social Darwinism is the belief that only the fittest survive felt that super nations were superior

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Social Darwinism missionaries and national superiority

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Josiah strong (a Christian missionary) had a responsibility to expand Christian values many missionaries follow his lead and travel to spread of Christianity (another motivation)

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Why did some believe that U.S. expansion was needed to preserve the American spirit

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They worried that the closing of the frontier deplete the nation's energy a quest for empire might restore Americans pioneer spirit

question

Americans began to expand

answer

Commodore Matthew Perry sale at American warships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 open Japan to trade much of the Pacific was soon to follow U.S. takes possession of Midway in 1867. treaties in 1875 and 1887 increase trade with Hawaiian Islands and eventually gave us the right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor

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Alaska

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Purchase by Secretary of State William Seward from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million they called it Seward's ice box and Seward's folly it was rich timber oil and other natural resources. helped to expand Americans reach across the Pacific Klondike Gold Rush begins after gold is found in the mid 1800's

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Latin America

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Business leaders saw an opportunity in Latin America as a natural place to expand trade and investment. Secretary of State James Blaine sponsored the first international pan-american conference in 1889 touted the benefits of Economic Cooperation to 17 Latin American nations. Paved The way for construction of the pan-american highway system

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U.s. leadership in Latin America

answer

The US president Cleveland (said they would help abumate- help make a decision) to force Britain to agree to arbitration over disputed territory and Western Hemisphere rather than use the military. Big win for US leadership and WH in the Monroe doctrine

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Hawaii

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Had economic relationship with the US since the 1790s. missionaries established schools. 1887 American planters convinced king Kalakaua to amend Hawaii's Constitution tellement voting rights to only wealthy landowners white planters favors most

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Hawaii

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1890 planters facing a crisis an American tariff made homemade sugar more expensive a new Queen Liliuokalani was a nationalist that abolished the new an amended constitution

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...

answer

1893 planters overthrew the Queen us minister to Hawaii ordered Marines to help the rebels seize power new government led by Sanfold Dole President Harrison to annex Hawaii. Harrison signs treaty but its not approved by the Senate President Cleveland disapproved of the Treaty is eventually signed by President McKinley

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Spheres of influence

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Areas of economic and political control in China. ----Russia Germany Britain France in Japan were all seeking one

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Open door policy

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The US was afraid of being left out of China the open door policy would give all nations equal opportunity in China. many Chinese resisted any foreign influence of any kind

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China

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China's huge population and its vast markets became very important American trade. President McKinley Secretary of State John Hay wrote notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep it open door to China he wanted to ensure through the open door policy that the United States would have equal access to China's millions of consumers

question

Boxer Rebellion

answer

Many Chinese resented outside influence. Began to join secret societies and group is called the boxers because they trained in martial arts. Celebrated traditional Chinese customs. criticized Western ways. Condemned Chinese converts to Christianity. warned harm to people who believe in Christianity because it's a sign of Western ways

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Boxer Rebellion

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Anger turns into rebellion against the foreign Devils made in 1900 the boxers began killing foreign missionaries. Multinational European American and Japanese were sent to put an end to the rebellion. would further destabilize the Chinese emperor

question

Roosevelt works with Japan

answer

Japan also interested in expansion in China Japan did not like Europeans in China or Russia in Manchuria Japan and Russia would go to war and 1904 both sides of heavy losses. Russia get the worst of it

question

Resolving the Russian Japanese War

answer

1905 reps from Russia and Japan meet in the US to negotiate an end to the war. Talks stall Teddy Roosevelt steps in and convinces the two sides to sign a peace treaty. Teddy Roosevelt would win a Nobel Prize. Japanese feel jipped didn't get enough things because they beat Russia so bad they thought they deserve more

question

Gentleman's agreement

answer

Not an official government document. compromise. San Francisco schools would stop discriminating against Asian students Japan would stop issuing passwords to laborers

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Great White Fleet

answer

President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet part of the United States Navy on a cruise around the world to demonstrate US naval power to other nations

question

Significance of the Great White Fleet

answer

It reinforced imperialism appeal to Americans as it demonstrated the nation's impressive naval power to the world

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Puerto Rico

answer

Did not become independent like Cuba. U.S. kept a military government there until 1900. Foraker Act- US military left but established government under American control would give more control over time to the Puerto Rican people. Eventually gave Puerto Ricans American citizenship

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Cuba

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President McKinley and start up a military government to protect American business interest until they had a government. Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for u.s. involvement. The U.S. only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment. The Platt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It allowed for US naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary

question

Big stick diplomacy

answer

Used by Theodore Roosevelt. Using the military to conduct an aggressive foreign policy and civilized weaker nations. Used in Panama / Columbia, the Dominican Republic

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Panama Canal

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Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Was an example of Teddy Roosevelt's use of big stick diplomacy made a deal with Columbia in Columbia backed out.

question

The United States secures the rights to build the Panama

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Is secretly encouraged A revolution in Panama and sent military forces to protect it. In return the new nation of Panama gave the USA 10 mile wide strip of land to build the canal

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Roosevelt Corollary

answer

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine the United States will act as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent interventions by other powers kept Europe out for good

question

Why did Roosevelt issue the Roosevelt Corollary

answer

Allowed U.S. intervention if Latin American countries took actions harmful to the US worried about security or if the governments collapsed inviting intervention from stronger (possibly European) nations

question

How did the people in the Latin America and the US react to the Roosevelt Corollary

answer

Latin Americans or angered the US Congress was mad because Teddy Roosevelt didn't ask for permission

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Dollar diplomacy

answer

president Taft believed in maintaining influence through American investments not military.

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Moral / missionary diplomacy

answer

Used by President Wilson the US should spread Democrats and capitalism to other nations in the hemisphere and protect them from foreign threats Mexico Haiti and Dominican Republic

question

Why did Taft's dollar diplomacy and Wilson's actions in Mexico anger many Latin Americans

answer

In Latin America increased American investment in the economy and angered local revolutionaries that opposed American influence. Wilson's moral stance during his direct intervention American affairs dictated how the Civil War would go angering many Mexicans

question

Different approaches to foreign policy Roosevelt

answer

Big stick diplomacy: believed Americans military should be used to achieve goals. Wanted to civilize other countries. Did not believe nation should be self governing. Supported rebellion in Panama. Opposed European intervention in the Western Hemisphere (Roosevelt Corollary)

question

Different approaches to foreign policy Taft

answer

Dollar diplomacy: believed U.S should invest in foreign economies to increase American influence. continue Roosevelt's foreign policy but with less aggression. worked for stability in Latin American. Worked to expand economic opportunities in China

question

Different approaches to foreign policy Wilson

answer

Moral diplomacy: believed the US should spread peace and democracy rather than colonize foreign countries. believed other nations should be self governing. continue to use American military in Latin America wished to cultivate a friendship with Latin America

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