Bontrager Chapter 16
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What space are the Kidneys and ureters located?
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Retroperitoneal
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What glands are located directly superior to the kidneys?
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Suprarenal or adrenal
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Which structures(muscles) create a 20 degree angle between the upper pole and lower pole of the kidneys?
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Psoas major muscles
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The specific name for the mass of fat that surrounds each kidney
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Perirenal fat or adipose capsule
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Degree of rotation for supine that would place kidneys parallel to the image receptor.
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30 Degrees
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Two landmarks that can be palpated to locate the kidneys
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Xiphoid Process and Iliac Crest
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Term that describes an abnormal drop of the kidneys when the patient is erect
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Nephrotosis
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3 Functions of the Urinary Sysytem
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Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate water levels and regulate acid based balance
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A buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood is
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Uremia
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Longitudinal fissure found along the central medial border of the kidney
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Hilum
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Peripheral, or outer portion of the kidney
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Cortex
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Describes the total functioning portion of the kidney
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Renal Parenchyma
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Microscopic functional and structural unit of the kidney
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Nephron
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A structure of the medulla that is made up of a collection of tubules that frail into the minor calyces
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Renal Pyramids
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Another name for glomerular capsule
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Bowman capsule
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2 processes that movie urine through the ureters to the bladder
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Peristalsis and Gravity
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Located most anterior as compared with other structures
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Urinary bladder
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Name of junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder
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Ureterovesical Junction
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What is the Inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by two ureters entering and the urethra exiting
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Trigone
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Small gland found just inferior to the male bladder
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Prostate gland
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Total capacity for the average adult bladder
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350-500 ml
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2 ways to administer contrast media
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1. Bolus Injection and 2. Drip Infusion
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For most IVUs, what veins are recommended for venipuncture?
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Antecubital Fossa
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Most common gauge of needle used for Bolus injection for an adult
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18 to 22 Gauge
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2 Most common types of needles used for Bolus injection of contrast media
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Butterfly and over-the-catheter needles
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6 steps in order for a venipuncture procedure
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1. Wash hands and put on gloves 2. Select the site, apply tourniquet, cleans area. 3. Initiate puncture. 4. Conform entry and secure needle. 5. Prepare and proceed with injection. 6. Needle/Catheter removal
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Uses a parent compound of benzoic acid. Is this NonIonic or Ionic?
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Ionic
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Will not significantly increase osmolality of the blood plasma. Is this NonIonic or Ionic
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NonIonic
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Incorporates sodium or meglumine to increase solubility of the contrast media. Is this NonIonic or Ionic
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Ionic
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Creates a hypertonic condition in the blood plasma. Is this NonIonic or Ionic?
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Ionic
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More expensive. NonIonic or Ionic?
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NonIonic
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Produces less severe reactions. Is this NonIonic or Ionic?
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NonIonic
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Is a near Isotonic solution
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NonIonic
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Poses a greater risk for disrupting homeostasis. Is this NonIonic or Ionic?
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Ionic
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Uses a parent compound of an amide or glucose group? NonIonic or Ionic?
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NonIonic
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May increase severity of side effects. Is this NonIonic or Ionic?
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Ionic
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What compound is common in ionic contrast media?
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Diatrizoate or Iothalamate
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Any disruption in the physiological functions of the body that may lead to a contrast media reaction is the basis for
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Chemotoxic theory
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Normal creatinine level for an adult ranges between
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0.6 to 1.5 mg/dl
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Normal BUN levels for an adult should range
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8 to 25 mg/ 100 ml
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Metformin hydrochloride is a drug taken for the management of
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Diabetes mellitus
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The American College of Radiology recommends that Metformin be withheld for how many hours following a contrast media procedure and resume only if kidney function is again determined to be within normal limits
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48 hours
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10 contraindications that may prevent a patient from having a contrast media procedure
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1. Hypersensitivity to iodine contrast
