question

The observation that atmospheric CO2 levels were typically low during glacial periods in Earth's history is an example of _________________.

answer

correlation

question

If plants consume CO2 during photosynthesis, why hasn't all the atmospheric CO2 been used up? (Select all that apply.)

answer

Respiration produces CO2 as a product Photosynthesis and respiration use one another's products as reactants

question

Which of the below statements is true regarding the movement of carbon between organisms in a food web and the transfer of energy between organisms in different trophic levels (select all that apply)?

answer

Carbon can be continuously cycled, but energy cannot.

question

Why are carbon-based organic compounds, such as C6H12O6 (glucose), often referred to as "energy molecules"? (Select all that apply.)

answer

Energy is released when carbon-containing compounds are broken down. Energy is stored in carbon-containing organic compounds. Energy is required to build carbon-containing organic compounds.

question

Which of the diagrams below best depicts the flow of carbon between primary producers, consumers, and decomposers?

answer

primary producers > consumers > decomposers

question

Which of the following processes are typically associated with the short-term carbon cycle? (Select all that apply.)

answer

photosynthesis respiration

question

Which of the following things are made (in part) of carbon? (Select all that apply.)

answer

the shells of clams and other mollusks the glucose/sugars in fruits limestone at the bottom of the sea certain gases in the atmosphere

question

How can scientists determine what atmospheric CO2 levels were like hundreds or thousands of years ago? Select all that apply.

answer

They can examine ice core samples from Antarctica. They can examine the number of stomata in fossilized leaves.

question

In a food web, which of the below organisms converts the carbon in animal carcasses or waste back to atmospheric CO2? (Select all that apply.)

answer

decomposers fungi

question

True or false: Organisms higher in a food web eat everything that is lower in the food web.

answer

....

question

True or false: There are more herbivores than carnivores because of the decreasing amount of energy available at each level of the food web.

answer

....

question

True or false: Secondary consumers have more energy or power than do primary consumers

answer

...

question

True or false: The diversity of photosynthetic organisms living on Earth today primarily reflects the biochemical variations that evolved in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants.

answer

..

question

True or false: While the gene encoding the small subunit of ribosomes was used to generate the universal tree of life, many genes are inappropriate choices for this analysis because horizontal gene transfer has occurred for billions of years between the ancestors giving rise to all three domains.

answer

true

question

Which of the following things result from symbiotic relationships between bacteria and eukaryotes? (Select all that apply.)

answer

bioluminescence in the bobtail squid amino acid synthesis in aphids cellulose breakdown in the human gut vitamin production in the human gut

question

Based on the energy and carbon sources of humans, how would humans be classified?

answer

as chemoheterotrophs

question

A patient visits a doctor complaining of a stomach infection. The patient insists that he be prescribed enough antibiotics to kill all of the bacteria in his intestines. Why is this a bad idea? (Select all that apply.)

answer

Many intestinal bacteria are beneficial (they provide vitamins or break down cellulose). Such an antibiotic treatment could result in a serious C. difficile infection.

question

A researcher discovers a new, single-celled bacterium very similar to Thiomargarita namibiensis. At first he is confused because this organism is quite large compared to other bacteria. He also knows that because of diffusion, most bacterial cells don't exceed 1µm in size. What might the researcher notice about the internal structure of his new bacterium? (Select all that apply.)

answer

It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse.

question

Which of the following organisms can function as chemoautotrophs? (Select all that apply.)

answer

archeons bacteria

question

True or false: Only inorganic compounds like O2 or NO3- may be used as terminal electron acceptors in respiration.

answer

false

question

Bacteria that respire anaerobically, using nitrate (NO3-) as a terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen (O2), contribute to a process in the nitrogen cycle called denitrification. The products of this reaction facilitate the return of nitrogen gas to the atmosphere, rather than soil or aquatic environments. Why is this process detrimental to agriculture?

answer

Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants for biosynthesis of organic compounds like proteins and nucleic acids

question

True or false: Because the morphological and physiological characteristics shared by groups of bacteria are encoded by genes other than the 16S rRNA gene, comparing the traditional groupings to molecular phylogenies generated from rRNA datasets will never produce corresponding results.

answer

false

question

Why are genes associated with nitrogen fixation not typically used to identify bacteria species? (Select all that apply.)

answer

These genes are often exchanged between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer.

question

A cytoskeleton enables eukaryotic cells to:

answer

all choices are correct

question

Why are eukaryotic organisms so much more diverse than prokaryotic organisms?

answer

all choices are correct

question

What allowed multicellular eukaryotic cells to generate multiple, interacting cell types during development?

answer

gene regulation

question

Which of the following organelles contain DNA? (Select all correct choices.)

answer

mitochondria nucleus chloroplasts

question

Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from cyanobacteria. Which of the following observations support this hypothesis? (Select all correct choices.)

answer

They both have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis. They both have small circular DNA genomes.

question

Photosynthesis spread through most of the eukaryotic superkingdoms by repeated episodes of endosymbiosis of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms

answer

true

question

Many single-celled eukaryotic organisms have evolved complex life cycles that include sexual reproduction. This means that:

answer

genetic material from two haploid cells is combined.

question

There are two competing theories put forth to explain the origin of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following correctly states one of these theories?

answer

Ancient eukaryotic cells resembled archaeal cells and these ancient cells acquired symbiotic bacteria that eventually took up permanent residence to become mitochondria

question

The phylogenetic groupings in the eukaryotic tree of life are based primarily on:

answer

DNA sequence data

question

Some single-celled organisms live inside other cells, lack many of the organelles that most eukaryotes have, and have a relatively small number of genes in their genomes. Which of the following is true of these single-celled organisms?

answer

a streamlined simplicity that has occurred over evolutionary time.

question

To which superkingdom does the organism that causes African sleeping sickness belong?

answer

alveolata

question

To which superkingdom do dogs and cats belong?

answer

Opisthokonta

question

Which one of the following do scientists rely on to estimate when extinct, ancient eukaryotes were present on Earth?

answer

the fossilized remains of cell walls

question

Which one of the following statements correctly describes features shared by simple multicellular eukaryotes?

answer

Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism.

question

Which of the following are adhesion proteins that are present in both choanoflagellates and animals?

answer

cadherins

question

Unlike plant cells, animal cells move during development. Which of the following terms describes the reorganization of undifferentiated cells that results in the formation of an embryonic structure with multiple layers?

answer

gastrulation

question

Which of the following is true of gap junctions?

answer

They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells

question

Which of the following signals is not a signal that may cause a change in gene expression in complex multicellular organisms?

answer

All of these influence gene expression in complex multicellular organisms.

question

The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve?

answer

cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability

question

How do cattle digest complex plant polysaccharides like cellulose?

answer

Bacterial populations in one of the four compartments of their stomachs are able to break the bonds between adjacent glucose units of cellulose

question

How can two cells of a complex multicellular organism have the same genome, but markedly different structures and functions?

answer

Different genes are expressed in different cells.

question

Which of the following would be classified as a vascular plant? Select all correct choices.

answer

peat moss rosebush

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle in CAM plants? Select all correct choices

answer

CO2 capture and the Calvin cycle both occur in the same cell. CO2 capture occurs at night and the Calvin cycle takes place in the day.

question

We typically think of phloem as transporting carbohydrates throughout vascular plants. What other substances can travel through the phloem? Select all correct choices

answer

hormones RNA amino acids ions

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of water through the xylem of vascular plants? Select all correct choices

answer

It may be the result of capillary action. It travels through vessel elements.

question

Which of the following would be considered a carbohydrate sink in vascular plants? Select all correct choices.

answer

flowers roots stems

question

Which of the following methods can plants use to acquire immobile nutrients (e.g., zinc) or nutrients not in readily accessible forms (i.e., the nitrogen in N2)? Select all correct choices

answer

Plants can introduce acid-like compounds into the soil. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with fungi. Plants can introduce protons into the soil.

question

Which of the following properties of guard cells allow them to open and close a pore? Select all correct choices.

answer

radially organized microfibrils two guard cells being anchored together at their ends the ability of guard cells to change their ion concentration

question

Which of the following are bryophytes?

answer

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

question

Many bryophytes have to tolerate desiccation because ___________. (Select all that apply.)

answer

they dry out with the environment they have little water-storage capacity

question

The male gametes (sperm) from which of the following plants require water to travel and fertilize nearby eggs? Select all correct choices

answer

hornwarts ferns mosses

question

A farmer is concerned that if she plants seeds for her next harvest, many of them will remain dormant and fail to grow. Depending on the plant, what steps can the farmer take to ensure that many of her seeds will germinate?

answer

She can treat her seeds with red light prior to planting. She can put her seeds in the refrigerator for a few months before planting. She can rub her seeds with sand paper prior to planting. She can feed the seeds to her cows and collect them after they have passed through the animals' digestive tracts

question

In the life cycles of mosses and ferns, which of the following structures are diploid (2n)? Select all correct choices.

answer

sporophyte zygote

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the pollen of gymnosperms and angiosperms? Select all correct choices

answer

Pollen from both types of plant form pollen tubes that factor in fertilization. Pollen from both types of plants contain (or will form) haploid (1n) male gametes.

question

Which of the following animals can serve as pollinators for different angiosperms? Select all correct choices

answer

birds bees butterflies bats moths

question

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds, which can travel over long distances (either via wind or water). Which of the following are benefits of seed production and dispersal? Select all correct choices

answer

Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light. Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments. Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments.

question

Recall that angiosperms spend a great deal of energy and resources attracting pollinators. What are some of the methods flowers use to lure pollinators? Select all correct choices

answer

Flowers can mimic females of an insect species (both in appearance and pheromones). Flowers can be brightly colored and produce nectar. Flowers can produce chemicals insects use to synthesize pheromones. Flowers can produce scents similar to those emitted by dung or animal carcasses

question

What allows fertilization in seed plants to occur without male gametes being exposed to the external environment? (Select all correct answer options.)

answer

aerial transport of male gametophyte (pollination) development of a pollen tube

question

The pollen of seed-bearing plants and the spores of seedless vascular plants are both transported by air. How do these structures differ? (Select all correct answer options.)

answer

Pollen is specialized for transporting the male gametes for fertilization, whereas spores are specialized for dispersal. Spores are unicellular, whereas pollen grains are multicellular.

question

Which of the following is(are) used by flowers to attract pollinators? (Select all correct answer options.)

answer

nectar odor

question

Which of the following statements is(are) false? (Select all correct answer options.)

answer

There is always a reward for an organism that disperses seeds for a plant. Fruit ripening may require chemical signals.

question

Many crop plants are day-neutral and lack seed dormancy, features that promote homogeneous: (Select all correct answer options.)

answer

flowering germination

question

Asexual reproduction is a form of cloning, because __________ is(are) not involved.

answer

meiosis

question

Your lab group collects genetic samples from half of the stems in a forest, but is unable to detect any sequence differences across dozens of genes. This observation supports the conclusion that:

answer

the sampled species is capable of asexual reproduction

question

You purchase two identical houseplants and place them side by side on your windowsill. You keep the soil moist in one of the plants (plant a), and you water the other plant (plant b) only once every two weeks. Do you expect the plants to be the same height after six months of this watering regime?

answer

No, because the cells of the apical meristem are unable to elongate without sufficient water in plant b

question

Which of the following materials is produced by the vascular cambium? (Select all that apply.)

answer

Wood secondary phloem secondary xylem

question

Exposure to light redistributes auxin to the opposite side of the stem or root that is exposed to light. In stems, this redistribution of auxin results in the stem growing and bending toward the light. In contrast, roots bend away from the light as they grow. What may be an advantage of the difference in bending of roots and stems?

answer

When roots grow away from the light, they will grow deeper into the soil where they can absorb water and nutrients.

question

Within the stem of a vascular plant, where would you expect to find the cells that are the most mature?

answer

at the base of the stem near the soil

question

A houseplant is growing on your windowsill. Every Sunday, without fail, your roommate turns the plant 180 degrees. When you ask your roommate why she does that, her reply is simply, "I want straight plants." Does this method produce straight plants?

answer

Yes. Rotating the plant will even out the growth of the plant toward the light by switching where the light hits the plant every week.

question

In which of the following structures of a vascular plant would you expect to find totipotent cells? (Select all that apply.)

answer

axillary buds shoot apical meristem

question

If auxin failed to lose a proton (and so never became negatively charged) in a cell's cytoplasm, how would its failure to lose a proton affect auxin transport and the development of new xylem and phloem? (Select all that apply.)

answer

New xylem and phloem would be malformed or not form at all. Auxin may move between cells (via diffusion), but not in a directed manner.

question

Cells directly beneath the shoot apical meristem begin to elongate and form the stem. Which of the following events or structures contribute to the elongation of these cells? (Select all that apply.)

answer

the formation of a large vacuole in these cells the presence of cellulose microfibrils in these cells

question

A graduate student is studying the distribution of auxin in roots and stems exposed to sunlight. He notices that more auxin collects in the sides of stems and roots that are not exposed to light; however, the effects of this distribution are very different. Why? (Select all that apply.)

answer

Auxin (via ethylene) prevents cell elongation in the shaded cells of roots.

question

As plants grow above ground, their water demands increase. One of the ways this demand is met is through the development of new root apical meristems. Why is it that root meristems can develop anywhere along the root?

answer

Root meristems develop from the pericycle, a tissue present along the length of the root.

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