question

T/F: Mutations will always decrease the activity of a gene.

answer

false

question

T/F: Movable DNA sequences that can "jump" from one spot in the genome to another are called transposable elements.

answer

true

question

T/F: Dosage refers to the number of copies of each gene in a chromosome.

answer

true

question

T/F: DNA polymerase is responsible for the process called mismatch repair.

answer

false

question

What is one reason that RNA viruses and retroviruses have such a high rate of mutation? because RNA viruses and retroviruses initially cause mutations during replication because RNA is more fragile than DNA and therefore more likely to be damaged because they lack a proofreading mechanism because RNA replication is much more prone to mistakes because RNA is more fragile than DNA and because viral polymerases lack a proofreading mechanism.

answer

because RNA is more fragile than DNA and because viral polymerases lack a proofreading mechanism.

question

The GAG codon, which codes for glutamic acid, is mutated to GUG, which now codes for valine. What type of mutation is this? silent missense base pair deletion frameshift nonsense

answer

missense

question

T/F: A chromosomal mutation in which a segment (not containing a centromere) is missing is called a deletion.

answer

true

question

DNA repair: can involve excision of bases flanking a distortion in the helix. can fix chromosomal inversions and translocations. always prevents errors. is only active during DNA replication. involves a set of proteins that are always active.

answer

can involve excision of bases flanking a distortion in the helix.

question

Which of the following statements concerning cancer and mutations is correct? Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a somatic cell. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a germ cell. Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer. Usually a single mutation is all that is required to cause cancer. None of the answer options is correct.

answer

Usually multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.

question

Sickle-cell anemia is an example of what type of mutation? silent base pair deletion missense frameshift nonsense

answer

missense

question

A chromosomal segment that breaks off and inserts into another chromosome is what type of mutation? reciprocal translocation duplication deletion inversion translocation

answer

translocation

question

Which of the following mechanisms would most likely be involved in repairing a single point mutation? nucleotide excision repair base excision repair base excision repair and/or nucleotide excision repair mismatch repair and/or base excision repair mismatch repair

answer

mismatch repair and/or base excision repair

question

The fact that humans have a relatively large number of mutations per genome per generation when compared to other organisms can be explained by: humans are so complex we have multiple proteins doing the same job. human cells don't divide as often as those of other organisms. most of a human's DNA is noncoding, so most of the mutations are neutral. humans have multiple proteins doing the same job, and our cells don't divide as often as other those of other organisms. most of these mutations happen after reproduction, so they wouldn't be selected against.

answer

most of a human's DNA is noncoding, so most of the mutations are neutral.

question

T/F: A point mutation is when a single nucleotide gets replaced by a different one.

answer

true

question

T/F: Any deviation in normal gene dosage is lethal.

answer

false

question

What is the difference between mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair? In mismatch repair, several nucleotides are replaced, whereas in nucleotide excision repair the sugar phosphate backbone is fixed. In mismatch repair, one nucleotide is replaced, whereas in nucleotide excision repair several nucleotides are replaced. In mismatch repair, the sugar phosphate backbone is fixed, whereas in nucleotide excision repair, several nucleotides are replaced. In mismatch repair, several nucleotides are replaced, whereas in nucleotide excision repair it is just one.

answer

In mismatch repair, one nucleotide is replaced, whereas in nucleotide excision repair, several nucleotides are replaced.

question

T/F: Even though the chance of a mutation for one given nucleotide is rare, mutations are rather common when looking at the whole genome.

answer

true

question

T/F: Generally speaking, a nucleotide substitution has less severe consequences than a nucleotide addition/deletion.

answer

true

question

A researcher has carried out Giesma staining on a set of human chromosomes, and has arranged these chromosomes into a karyotype. She notices that in a homologous pair, a band is missing from one of the chromosomes. This likely resulted from: a deletion. a duplication. an inversion. a reciprocal translocation. either a deletion or a reciprocal translocation.

answer

either a deletion or a reciprocal translocation

question

T/F: Loss of a pyrimidine base is one of the most common types of DNA damage.

answer

false

question

T/F: Spontaneous mutations that occur in somatic cells will be transmitted to offspring.

answer

false

question

Mutation rates (of nucleotides): are lower in organisms with larger genomes. are higher in organisms with larger genomes. are highest in viruses. are similar across all organisms. are highest in the bacteria.

answer

are highest in viruses.

question

A trinucleotide of 5'CTC3' or 5'TTC3' is transcribed and then translated into the amino acid glutamic acid. A trinucleotide of 5'CAA3' or 5'TAC3' is transcribed and then translated into valine. In sickle-cell hemoglobin, valine is present instead of glutamic acid. Assuming a single base pair substitution has occurred, what is the mRNA code for valine in the affected mutant? GAG GAA GUA CUU UUG

answer

GUA

question

The amount of new mutations in living organisms following a round of genome replication: generally increases with larger genomes. generally decreases with larger genomes. is similar independent of genome size. is highest in the bacteria. None of the answer options is correct.

answer

generally increases with larger genomes

question

The rates of evolutionary change in DNA: can only be determined in conserved genes. are constant among different gene families and thus are used to estimate the time of divergence. are zero. are highly variable among different gene families. are constant in gene families with a diversity of members.

answer

are highly variable among different gene families.

question

Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest nucleotide mutation rate? DNA viruses fruit flies humans bacteria RNA viruses

answer

humans

question

T/F: Only germ line mutations are transmitted to the progeny.

answer

true

question

Which of the following mutations would most likely have the most severe consequence? addition of a codon missense silent frameshift

answer

frameshift

question

T/F: Consider a polyploid plant that has several copies of each of its genes. This plant will likely die prematurely, given this high gene dosage.

answer

false

question

T/F: The use of antibiotics is creating the mutations in bacteria that make them resistant to these antibiotics.

answer

false

question

T/F: Any DNA "damage" is considered to be a mutation, even if it is immediately correct by the action of DNA polymerase.

answer

false

question

Genetic risk factors: can increase the likelihood of somatic mutations. can increase the likelihood of germ-line mutations. can work synergistically with environmental risk factors. can be heritable. All of the answer options are correct.

answer

All of the answer options are correct.

question

Imagine that a researcher is studying a mouse that carries a mutation in Pax7 ―a gene that is involved in muscle development. To his surprise, these Pax7 mutant mice appear relatively "normal." What is a possible explanation for this? Other members of the Pax gene family have redundant functions in muscle development (and can compensate for the Pax7 mutation). The normal copy of Pax7 on the corresponding homologous chromosome is sufficient for mouse survival. These Pax7 mutant mice may have a synonymous mutation. All answer options are correct.

answer

All answer options are correct.

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding a chromosome deletion? Chromosome deletions have no relationship to gene dosage. If a deletion affects a centromere, this mutated chromosome will be easily passed on during cell division. Chromosomal deletions also have serious―typically fatal―ramifications for an organism. Chromosome deletions are always fatal due to the presence of homologous chromosomes. None of the answer options are true.

answer

None of the answer options are true.

question

When comparing DNA sequences of similar genes for proteins in related species, you see that some of the sequences are longer in one species compared to the other. Which of the following would most likely represent the extra number of bases that you would see? 5 7 21 17 25

answer

21

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