Biochemistry: tissue biochemistry – Flashcards
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acute phase reaction of liver
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response created in adults for inflammation caused by bacteria. -prevent tissue damage -destroy infective organism -activate repair process
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Acute phase pathway
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injury or infection local response of cells secrete cytokines reach CNS/liver liver change rate of protein synthesis CNS produce prostaglandins
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Macrophage/leukocytes signalling pathway for cytokine secretion
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Toll-like receptor PAMP/DAMP NOD-like R (NALP3) activated oligomerized by ATP recruit ASC&Caspase 1 forms inflammasome caspase 1 cleaved activate precursor of IL-1
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PGE2
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COX2 pathway induce fever vasodilation increase cap. permeability
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Acute phase response proteins (APPs)
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major APPs: serum Amyloid A, C-reactive protein negative APPs: albumin, transferrin, Apo AI/AII. complement protein metal binding protein proteinase protein coagulation protein
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Xenobiotics
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substances that are not produced in the body and not substrates or intermediate in any metabolic pathways in body. ex) antibiotics
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Biotransformation
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biochemical conversion of xenobiotics to promote their elimination from the body. Phase I - increase water solubility Phase II - make it polar and bigger
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Phase I Phase II
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I - CYP450 II - Merkapturic acid pathway by Glutathione
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Metabolism of Ethanol to Acetyl CoA in liver
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Ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetate 1. alcohol dehydrogenase (cytosol) 2. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (mito.) form NADH in each reaction. also by microsomal ethanol oxidation system(MEOS) -> CYP450
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Product of ethanol metabolism
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Acetyl CoA ATP NADH
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Zymogens
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proenzyme, an inactive enzyme precursor, which requires a biochemical change for it to become an active enzyme Coagulation zymogens -> require vitamin K dependent post-translational modification to be active
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2 Groups of coagulation zymogens 1. Serine proteases 2. Protransglutaminase
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1. factor 2,7,9,10,11,12 (2,7,9,10 -> Vita K dependent) 2. factor 13
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Cofactors
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Procofactor 1. factor V 2. factor VIII
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Platelet activating factors
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thrombin ADP/ATP PGH2, TXA2 PAF epinephrine
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What endothelium secrete during coagulation
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If endothelium intact PGI2 NO ecto-ATPase If endothelium damaged collagen TF
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Limiting factors of coagulation
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1. clotting factors circulate in blood stream 2. dilution of activated factors by blood stream 3. coagulation inhibitor -tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI) -AT III -Heparin -protein z dependent inhibitor system 4. negative feedback mechanism : thrombomodulin 5. inactivator system 6. fibrinolytic system
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Fibrinolysis inhibitor
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TAFI PAI Plasmin inhibitor: alpha2-antiplasmin
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Iron metabolism
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Dcytb+DMT1 Ferritin Ferroportin+hephaestin transferrin
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Hepcidin increase
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serum iron level decrease
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Heme synthesis
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Succinyl CoA + Glycine = ALA 2 ALA = Porphobilinogen 4 PBG = Preuroporphyrinogen Uroporphyrinogen Coproporphyrogen Protoporphyrogen Protoporphyrin Protoporphyrin+Fe2+ = heme
