Biochemistry Carbohydrates – Flashcards
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What is a carbohydrate with a ketone functional group? ex. D-Fructose
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Ketose
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What is an carbohydrate with an aldehyde functional group? ex. D-Mannose, D-Galactose, and D-Glucose are all Aldohexose.
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Aldose
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What are the two major classifications of monosaccharides?
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Aldose/Ketose
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Cyclic Monosacchrides with 6 member heterocyclic ring?
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Pyranose
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Cyclic Monosacchride with 5 member ring
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Furanose
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OH group is ABOVE the plane of the ring
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Beta anomer
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OH group is BELOW the plane of the ring
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Alpha anomer
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Anomeric -OH of one monosacchride can react with another -OH on another monosacchride forming a disacchride.
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Glycosidic linkage
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Two alpha-D-Glucose molecules linked together by alpha 1-4 glycosidic link (derrived from starch)
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Maltose
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Alpha-D-glucose linked to beta-D-fructose via 1,2 glycosidic linkage (puranose-furanose)
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Sucrose
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Beta-D-galactose linked to alpha-D-glucose to give beta 1,4 glycoside
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Lactose
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made up of multiple units of same monosaccharide (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
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homopolysaccharide
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Muliple units of more than one kind of monosaccharide (chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin)
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heteropolysaccharides
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Carbohydrates that are covalently attached to a protein and lipid molecules (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids)
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glycoconjugates
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Storage form of glucose found in plants, polymers of alpha-linked glucose; two types (amylose and amylopectin)
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Starch
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Only 1,4 linkages; helical configuration, six glucose units per turn.
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Amylose
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Branched 1,4 and 1,6 linkages (1,6 is the branch) found in plants (starch).
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Amylopectin
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Storage polysaccharide in animals, very highly branched.
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Glycogen
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Linear homopolymer of beta-D-glucose linked by beta-1,4 linkages (animals lack the enzymes neccessary to hydrolize).
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Cellulose
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Which is/are glycoconjugates?
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Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
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Found in the extracellular matrix GAG chains which are linked to core proteins.
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Proteoglycans
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Examples include antibodies, human blood group antigens A, B, AB and hormones FSH, LH, TSH.
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Glycoproteins
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Present in nerve tissue (brain) and cell membranes e.g. Gangliosides.
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Glycolipids
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Secreted by salivary glands and pancrease; cleave alpha 1, 4 linkages; polysaccharides to monosaccharides
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Alpha-Amylase
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Maltase (glu), sucrase (glu-fru), isomaltase (glu), lactase (glu-gal), and trehalase (glu) all represent what?
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oligosaccharidases
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Absorption of monosaccharides can be can be done through __________. (via cotransport of monosaccharides with Sodium).
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GLUT transporters
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Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine?
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Hyaluronates
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Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-glucuronate and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate?
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Chondroitin 4- and 6- sulfates
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Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate?
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Keratan sulfates
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Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of L-iduronate and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate?
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Dematan sulfates
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Which is a heteropolysaccharide composed of L-iduronate-2-sulfate and N-sulfo-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate?
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Heparin/Heparan sulfates
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Which oligosaccharidase acts as an exoglucosidase cleaving only alpha-1,4 linkages to produce glucose?
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Maltase
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Which oligosaccharidase hydrolyzes oligosaccharides to produce glucose and fructose?
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Sucrase
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Which oligosaccharidase cleaves alpha-1,6 linkages to produce glucose?
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Isomaltase
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Which oligosaccharidase cleaves beta-glycosidase linkages to produce glucose and galactose?
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Lactase
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Which oligosaccharidase cleaves trehalose to produce glucose?
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Trehalase
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Which oligosaccharidase(s) produce either fructose or galactose in addition to glucose?
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Sucrase and Lactase
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Which oligosaccharidase(s) produce only glucose?
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Maltase, Isomaltase, and Trehalase
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Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting fructose?
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GLUT 5
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Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into skeletal muscle, heart, and fat?
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GLUT 4
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Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into neurons?
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GLUT 3
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Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into Liver, islet beta-cells, kidney and small intestine?
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GLUT 2
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Which GLUT transporter is important for transporting into many tissues?
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GLUT 1
