question

Which of the following characteristics do most plants share with land animals?

answer

An embryo that develops within a protected environment

question

Which of the following is characteristic of gymnosperms?

answer

They are wind-pollinated.

question

Why do insectivorous plants trap insects?

answer

They use the raw material for biosynthesis

question

Branches are to a tree as __________ are to a __________.

answer

hyphae; fungus

question

What is unique about dodder?

answer

Dodder is a parasitic plant that almost completely lacks chlorophyll and gets its sugar from a host plant.

question

Which of the following about coleochaetes is TRUE?

answer

They are the closest living relative to plants.

question

Over the evolutionary history of plants:

answer

There has been a trend toward gametophyte dependence on the sporophyte.

question

Flowers are to fruits as __________ are to __________.

answer

grape juice and yeast; wine

question

Which of the following reasons explains why conifers are the longest-lived trees?

answer

None of the above.

question

Which of the following is not a mechanism of seed dispersal?

answer

Having a way to move on their own

question

Angiosperms and gymnosperms differ from each other in that:

answer

angiosperms tend to rely on animal pollinators, whereas gymnosperms tend to rely on wind pollination.

question

These organisms are the size of a pinhead and only one-cell layer thick. They are believed to be the closest relative of plants. What are they called?

answer

Coleochaetes

question

Which of the following is a likely way in which plants increase dispersal of their fruit?

answer

All of the above.

question

In the plant kingdom, all the different species are descended from a single common ancestor. What is the correct term that describes this type of lineage?

answer

Monophyletic

question

The pollen-producing structure in an angiosperm flower is called the __________.

answer

anther

question

Which one of the following is a key challenge of stationary living?

answer

All of the above are key challenges of stationary living.

question

Which is of the following is NOT an example of a group of angiosperms?

answer

Pine trees

question

What NEW evolutionary innovation is seen in conifers that is absent in more primitive plants?

answer

None of the above.

question

Which of the following is NOT a fungus?

answer

the photosynthetic part of a lichen

question

"Double fertilization" in angiosperm plants refers to:

answer

the fusion of a sperm cell with the egg, and another with two endosperm nuclei.

question

Which of the following correctly orders the sequence of events in the life cycle of a gymnosperm?

answer

Male cones release pollen, pollen grains release sperm, fertilization, female cones release seeds

question

Which of the following substances is INCORRECTLY matched to its utilization in plants?

answer

None of the above.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about seed plants?

answer

None of the above.

question

Some plants release methyl jasmonate (MJ) when they are injured. Which is a likely reason for doing this?

answer

To signal other plants to increase their production defensive chemicals

question

Mosses and ferns differ in their reproductive strategies from gymnosperms and angiosperms in which of the following ways?

answer

Mosses and ferns rely on liquid water for fertilization, whereas angiosperms and gymnosperms do not need liquid water for fertilization.

question

Which is the best brief description of the vascular system found in the very first terrestrial plants?

answer

The first plants did not develop a vascular system.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about the endosperm?

answer

All of the above.

question

A prothallus:

answer

produces the haploid gametes of a fern.

question

What is the cuticle?

answer

The first and fourth choices are both true. (The waxy layer that protects the plants from drying)(The material that makes leaves shiny)

question

In terms of their adaptation to living on land, how are reptiles similar to the seed plants?

answer

The third and fourth choices are correct. (Seed plants and reptiles have developed structures such as cuticles and impermeable skin to minimize desiccation.)(Reptiles and seed plants have developed structures that house their gametes and protect them from the surrounding environment)

question

Which of the following statements about male and female cones is TRUE?

answer

A female cone contains ovules on the protruding scales; a male cone releases pollen grains that are dispersed via wind.

question

Which of the following is a significant new challenge plants faced in moving to land that they did not face in their aquatic environment?

answer

Desiccation

question

Which of the following most accurately describes Dodder?

answer

Parasitic plant

question

Which of the following statements about ferns is incorrect?

answer

Their seeds are dispersed via the wind.

question

Which of the following best explains the following statement: "Algae are not plants"?

answer

This statement is true; algae only live directly in water or on very moist land surfaces and are therefore not plants.

question

Which of the following is characteristic of big-bang reproduction?

answer

The first, second, and third choices are all characteristic of big-bang reproduction.

question

Because constraints limit evolution, life histories are characterized by trade-offs between investments in growth, reproduction, and _______.

answer

survival

question

Which of the following represents the growth rate of a population?

answer

r

question

On average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?

answer

If both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce.

question

Which of the following statements about maximum sustainable yield is false?

answer

The maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations.

question

Which of the following is a major tradeoff in life histories?

answer

Growth for reproduction

question

There are many causes of death due to aging in humans. This is because:

answer

mutant alleles that cause adverse health effects later in life become more common in a population.

question

Which of the following factors most influences why a particular species has evolved to follow a particular life history strategy?

answer

The cost of reproductive investment and the likelihood of survival to reproduce repeatedly

question

Dr. David Reznick has studied life history evolution in guppies that live in streams in Trinidad. Guppies are found in two different types of habitat: sites where predation is higher, and sites where predation is low. Which of the following life history characteristics would you expect to evolve in a guppy population living in a high-predation site?

answer

None of the above

question

The death rate of organisms in a population exhibiting a type III survivorship curve is:

answer

lower after the organisms survive beyond the earliest age groups.

question

In a population, as N approaches K, the logistic growth equation predicts that:

answer

the growth rate will approach zero.

question

Life extension:

answer

has been achieved in the laboratory.

question

Which of the following survivorship curve type is incorrectly matched to its description and/or characteristic organism?

answer

Type I: Tend to produce a large amount of offspring with little investment: Frogs

question

Which of the following is a trade-off in life history strategies?

answer

All of the above.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about life history patterns in general?

answer

The greater the investment in reproduction, the longer a species is likely to live.

question

Which of the following characteristics is associated with a species whose life history strategy has a greater longevity and survival rate?

answer

Their rate of population growth is low.

question

The extension of a normal lifespan has been scientifically achieved in _____

answer

fruit flies

question

Experiments where the longevity of fruit flies was increased yielded insight into longevity and forced evolution. Which of the following statements pertaining to these experiments is FALSE?

answer

The generation time was increased to 6 weeks maximum.

question

Disease is spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity, such as in a nesting colony of penguins. Disease can be considered a(n):

answer

density-dependent factor.

question

Those species whose risk of death is low, would also be expected to:

answer

age more slowly.

question

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the difference between a population and an individual?

answer

All of the above exemplify the difference between a population and an individual.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about estimating human carrying capacity?

answer

Some countries have more resources than their populations currently can use.

question

Which of the following statements about the hazard factor of a population is INCORRECT?

answer

It is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs.

question

Natural selection:

answer

None of the above.

question

Aging is:

answer

an increased risk of dying with increasing age.

question

Organisms that live in high-risk worlds would tend to have:

answer

All of the above

question

The extension of a normal lifespan has been scientifically achieved in:

answer

fruit flies

question

Ecology is best defined as the study of:

answer

the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.

question

Which statement about the 10% rule of energy conversion efficiency is NOT true?

answer

It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces.

question

Why do beaches on the west coast of the United States have colder water than beaches on the east coast?

answer

The ocean currents in the northern hemisphere rotate in a clockwise direction, so water off the coast of California has just come from the cold north, while water off the coast of New York has just come from the warm south.

question

"Top" carnivores:

answer

consume primarily carnivores.

question

Which of the following elements is INCORRECTLY matched to its form in the atmosphere?

answer

Phosphorus: Phosphate

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the weather on Earth?

answer

Rising hot air cools down, forming clouds and rain.

question

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed is known as __________.

answer

parasitism

question

Coevolution:

answer

All of the above are correct.

question

What is the FIRST thing that occurs when two species with overlapping niches are put together?

answer

Competition

question

Rabid animals:

answer

froth at the mouth so as to increase the likelihood that the rabies-causing virus is passed on to another host.

question

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a niche?

answer

The specific geographical location where an organism lives

question

Which of the following is most likely to lead to the highest levels of biodiversity?

answer

The presence of a keystone species

question

Which of the following statements about an organism's niche is INCORRECT?

answer

It allows for only one organism to survive in the niche

question

When moist wind from an ocean blows onshore toward a mountain range:

answer

as the air goes over the top of the mountain and falls back down toward lower elevations, it holds more moisture, creating a "rain shadow" desert with very little precipitation.

question

What do the following organisms all have in common: vultures, worms, and some arthropods?

answer

They are detritivores.

question

Keystone species:

answer

play an unusually important role in determining the species composition in a habitat.

question

If there is a large biomass of consumers found in a rainforest, which of the following pyramids would best demonstrate the primary productivity?

answer

Large-based

question

Rain shadows:

answer

create deserts.

question

Why is it hotter at the equator than the poles?

answer

The curvature of the earth leads to a given amount of solar energy being spread out over a smaller area at the equator than at the poles.

question

Chemical defenses are more common among plants than animals because:

answer

plants cannot move to escape predators and so must develop other deterrents.

question

While hiking in the woods, you and your dog suddenly come upon a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). You dog begins to growl, and the startled skunk sprays your dog with a foul odor, sending him yelping in the other direction. The skunk spraying your dog is an example of a ________________.

answer

chemical defense

question

Which of the following correctly orders the events that occur during an El Niño year in the Pacific Ocean?

answer

South America to Southeast Asia winds ease ; warm water flows toward South America, warming the air, causing rain ; upwelling of nutrient rich water ceases along the west coast of South America leading to fish deaths ; unusually dry weather occurs in Australia and Indonesia

question

Animals that have warning coloration similar to another poisonous animal, but themselves are not poisonous, are said to be:

answer

mimics

question

The chief difference between primary and secondary succession is that:

answer

primary succession begins with no life or soil, while secondary succession begins with both.

question

Earth's largest ecosystems, biomes, are defined primarily by:

answer

All of the above.

question

Which of the following biomes is characterized by hot temperatures and strong seasonality, having distinct wet seasons and dry seasons?

answer

Savanna

question

In experiments on prairie and rocky seashore communities, scientists have learned that bison and starfish are:

answer

keystone species.

question

In which of the following ecosystems is one most likely to find an "inverted pyramid" of primary productivity?

answer

A plankton community in the ocean

question

When the fundamental niches of two species overlap, competition occurs. Which of the following can be an outcome of such competition?

answer

Competitive exclusion or resource partitioning

question

In a commensal relationship:

answer

one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about an ecosystem?

answer

All of these are true about an ecosystem.

question

An ecosystem consists of ____________________ in a given area.

answer

all the living organisms and all the abiotic factors that influence living organisms

question

Which of the following is not a part of an organisms' habitat?

answer

Living organisms in the area

question

A rain shadow:

answer

All of the above are correct EXCEPT for the fourth choice.

question

Organisms responsible for primary productivity, such as grasses, trees, and agricultural crops, are known as _______________.

answer

primary producers

question

Which of the following best explains why it is colder at the Poles than at the Equator?

answer

The angle at which sunlight hits the earth leads to a given amount of solar energy being spread over a larger area at the poles than at the equator.

question

Clown fish are protected from predators when they hide among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. However, some scientists believe that the clown fish may also eat or chase away some predators of the sea anemone. In the first case, the interaction between fish and anemone is __________; in the second case, the interaction is best described as __________.

answer

commensalism; mutualism

question

The "ghost of competition past" refers to the fact that:

answer

competition often leads to character displacement, which remains even after direct competition is reduced.

question

Which of the following correctly orders the events of primary succession?

answer

Lichens arrive, mosses arrive, small herbs and wildflowers arrive, shrubs start growing, small trees start growing, tall trees grow

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