Bio 103 – Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The root _____ indicated that a substance is an acid
answer
-ic
question
he root ____ indicates that a substance is a sugar.
answer
-ose
question
The root ____ means body
answer
-some (soma-)
question
the root _____ means color
answer
chromo-
question
the root ____ means nucleus
answer
nucl-
question
Early cell biologists found colored bodies they called ______________ in the cell's nucleus.
answer
chromosomes
question
The sugar found in RNA is
answer
ribose
question
. RNA and DNA are two kinds of _________ acids.
answer
nucleic
question
The sugar found in DNA is
answer
deoxyribose
question
are components of DNA. Each is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
answer
nucleotides
question
are the subcellular structures, or bodies, where proteins are synthesized.
answer
ribosomes
question
For the first time, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is considering whether to allow the sale of _____.
answer
food from a genetically altered animal
question
The fish in the video have been genetically engineered to _____.
answer
grow faster
question
The modified salmon were created by _____.
answer
adding genetic material from a Pacific salmon and an eel-like fish
question
According to the producers of the genetically modified salmon, the meat _____.
answer
looks and tastes the same as unmodified salmon
question
What concerns do some consumer groups have about genetically modified fish?
answer
1.They want more studies on the health effects that genetically modified fish may have on people who eat it. 2.They want to prevent genetically modified fish from breeding with wild fish. 3.They want food from genetically modified fish to be clearly labeled as genetically modified.
question
How does the company raising these fish claim to prevent the genetically modified fish from breeding with wild fish?
answer
The genetically modified fish are sterile.
question
AGCT
answer
UCGA
question
Scientists can put a human gene into bacteria and have those bacteria produce the protein coded for by the human gene. The human protein produced by the bacteria is mostly indistinguishable from the protein produced in human cells. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these observations?
answer
Bacteria and humans use the same genetic code to produce proteins.
question
Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA molecules is true?
answer
Recombinant DNA molecules contain DNA from more than one organism.
question
Which of the following actions would most likely require permitting by the FDA before it is considered safe to market?
answer
moving a gene from an ornamental plant to a crop plant
question
Which of the following molecules could be used to transfer genes to flowering plants?
answer
a plasmid of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumifaciens
question
Replacing defective human genes with normal, functional genes is referred to as ________.
answer
gene therapy
question
Which of the following would be the most permanent solution to a genetic defect in an individual?
answer
providing an individual with a correct gene to replace the defective one
question
How do mutations affect an organism?
answer
1.they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele 2.they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele 3.they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect
question
DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.
answer
small
question
A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:
answer
her egg cells
question
Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
answer
a G paired with a T
question
In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.
answer
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
question
A mutation changes the first nucleotide of a template DNA strand from AAG to TAG. This causes the mRNA codon produced to change from UUC to AUC. Which anticodon would bind to the mutated codon?
answer
UAG
question
Some cells can regulate the amount of gene product that is produced in a cell through the use of repressors, which act on the process of ________.
answer
transcription
question
True or false. The sequence TTAACGCGAATC is the complementary RNA sequence to the DNA sequence AATTGCGCTTAG.
answer
False
question
Which of the following events in transcription occurs last?
answer
The mRNA is released from RNA polymerase.
question
What is the function of the promoter site in transcription?
answer
It is the site at which RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
question
True or false: Recombinant bacteria are partly responsible for the production of much of the "ordinary" milk that is available in grocery stores throughout the United States.
answer
true
question
Which term describes a circular piece of bacterial DNA that is used in cloning?
answer
plasmid
question
Which of the following steps must be performed first when using recombinant DNA technology to produce a human protein in bacterial cells?
answer
The human gene is isolated from a human cell nucleus.
question
True or false. The term "sticky ends" refers to the ends on DNA that are generated by restriction enzymes, which can base pair with any DNA molecules that contain complementary sticky ends.
answer
true
question
Many crop plants have been genetically modified to contain the Bt gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a protein that is toxic to insects. These plants differ from unmodified plants in that they ________.
answer
are resistant to crop pests
question
Which of the following attempts to use stem cells to produce healthy tissues as replacements for damaged tissues?
answer
therapeutic cloning
question
The term totipotent refers to the ability of individual stem cells to ________.
answer
become any other somatic cell type
question
Why was golden rice engineered?
answer
To produce beta-carotene.
question
True or false: A crop that is genetically modified to resist insect pests could cause the evolution of resistant insect pest populations.
answer
true
question
the root _____ means to unroll
answer
evol-
question
the root ________ means human-like
answer
homini-
question
the root ________ means in agreement or from a shared origin
answer
homolog-
question
the root ______ refers to radiation
answer
radio-
question
the root ______ means to measure
answer
-metric
question
in biology refers to the modification of the traits of a species over many generations.
answer
evolution
question
is a human or human ancestor.
answer
hominin
question
Hands in humans are made up of five digits, as are the bones within the flippers of a sea lion. This is an example of
answer
homology
question
The age of a fossil can be estimated by
answer
radiometric dating
question
What is biological evolution?
answer
gene changes in populations over many generations
question
Which of the following best expresses why special creation is not considered a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on earth?
answer
Special creation involves a supernatural creator, which is not observable or measurable in the material universe.
question
Which of the following describes the transformation hypothesis of evolution?
answer
Species arise separately and change over time in order to adapt to a changing environment.
question
How do scientists determine the dates of fossils?
answer
measure the ratio of a radioactive element to the decay products
question
Which of the following statements represents evidence that supports the theory of common descent but specifically contradicts the hypothesis of separate types?
answer
Many genes found in humans are also found in yeast and they perform the same function in yeast that they do in humans.
question
How do genetic engineering techniques lend support to the theory of common descent?
answer
Genes from one organism can be moved to a very different organism and still code for the same protein.
question
In a survey of lice populations it is found that lice in one region of the country have never evolved resistance to permethrin. What might explain this?
answer
The variation of permethrin resistance does not exist in the lice population of that region.
question
Individuals who object to "Darwinism" often are objecting to the idea of ________.
answer
descent from a common ancestor
question
Most biologists would agree that the statement "All modern organisms derive from a single common ancestor" is ________.
answer
an accepted scientific theory
question
Lamarck's ideas about evolution differed from Darwin's ideas in that ________.
answer
Lamarck proposed that organisms became more complex over time and that the traits they developed could be passed on to their offspring
question
Who was Charles Darwin?
answer
an English naturalist who traveled the world in the early 19th century
question
Branch points in an evolutionary tree refer to ________.
answer
ancestral species from which more recent species are derived
question
Why is the classification system of Linnaeus still used today?
answer
The structural relationships used by Linnaeus are highly related to the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
question
What do the similarities between human, chicken, and snake embryos suggest?
answer
Mammals, birds, and reptiles all derive from a single common ancestor.
question
In what way is the theory of common ancestry supported by this figure?
answer
It shows a similar arrangement of bones in limbs of very different function.
question
The tree diagram below shows the evolutionary relationships among several primates. Which of the following statements is true according to the diagram?
answer
Orangutans are less closely related to bonobos than to gorillas.
question
Where are the Solomon Islands located?
answer
in the South Pacific
question
Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept?
answer
white-eye bird
question
Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species?
answer
Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.
question
Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species?
answer
Its call was unique.
question
When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today.
answer
genetics
question
What is the role of geology in the theory of common descent?
answer
Geology provides evidence that Earth is very old and constantly changing.
question
According to biogeography, prickly pear cactus on a tropical island should ________.
answer
resemble some of the prickly pear cactus that is found on a nearby mainland
question
Which of the following changes is an example of biological evolution?
answer
Many kinds of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
question
Paleontologists excavating an area that was once a shallow lake find fossils of two extinct species that were ancestors to modern horses. Why would scientists look for animal fossils in areas that were once near shallow water?
answer
Animal remains are often trapped and buried in sediments near bodies of water.
question
What type of study is most appropriate for determining the time at which a common ancestor to humans and chimpanzees lived?
answer
comparing DNA sequences between humans and chimpanzees
question
Which of the following describes what happens when Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects humans?
answer
Most patients never develop symptoms, but about 10% of infected people develop serious, prolonged lung disease.
question
Why have public health officials once again become very concerned about tuberculosis in the 21st century?
answer
Antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are on the rise.
question
In the process of natural selection, what is selection?
answer
the environmental change that eliminates the less fit individuals
question
In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?
answer
Disruptive selection
question
Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?
answer
Stabilizing selection
question
Misunderstandings of how natural selection produces evolution are common. Which of the following statements represents a common misunderstanding of how natural selection works?
answer
Polar bears will have to adapt to warming temperatures if they are to survive.
question
How does the use of multiple drugs to combat an infection influence evolution?
answer
It makes the evolution of resistance in bacteria less likely.
question
the root _______ means pertaining to life
answer
-biotic
question
The root _______ indicates a condition
answer
-osis
question
the root _______ means to fit in
answer
adapt-
question
The root ________ means in opposition to
answer
anti-
question
the root _____ means disease
answer
patho-
question
the root _______ means small swelling
answer
tubercul-
question
is an entity that causes disease.
answer
pathogen
question
is a drug that inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
answer
antibiotic
question
is a condition characterized by the development of swollen nodules in the lungs that interfere with oxygen intake.
answer
tuberculosis
question
is a trait in an organism that increases its chance of survival or reproduction.
answer
adaptation
question
What is unique about deer mice?
answer
They are the most populous mouse found in North America.
question
For this project, which of the following are scientists studying?
answer
wild mice
question
You wish to research how genetics determine color of deer mice. How many genes should you focus on?
answer
1
question
The three-spine stickleback typically lacks armor in fresh water. Why?
answer
To allow for faster growth.
question
Which of the following is true?
answer
Genotype determines phenotype.
question
What fraction of the world's population are carriers of tuberculosis?
answer
1/3
question
How is artificial selection different from natural selection?
answer
Artificial selection is selection by humans rather than the environment.
question
When evolutionary biologists talk about fitness, what do they mean? Fitness in the evolutionary sense can best be defined as the ability of a(n) ________.
answer
individual to survive and reproduce
question
Consider the adaptation to alcohol experiments presented in the text. In a high alcohol environment, the percentage of the fruit fly population that metabolized alcohol rapidly ________.
answer
increased to 100% over time
question
Which of the following characteristics would contribute most directly to fitness?
answer
having the most offspring
question
How do antibiotics cause evolution in a population of tuberculosis bacteria?
answer
Antibiotics kill bacteria without resistance, leaving only resistant bacteria.
question
What is the source of variation in a population?
answer
spontaneous mutations
question
A population of foxes lives in an area in which the average winter temperature has been dropping for several years. Which adaptation would be most likely?
answer
The exact adaptation cannot be predicted since it depends on the genetic variation present in the population.
question
What happens when patients with tuberculosis do not follow their combination drug schedule carefully?
answer
Bacteria develop resistance to every one of the drugs.
question
Which of the following statements best summarizes the strategy behind combination drug therapy?
answer
A greater number of changes are required in genetic material for resistance to develop if a greater number of drugs are used.
question
You are culturing bacteria from a source that has never been exposed to antibiotic. Could any bacteria in the population have the trait of resistance?
answer
It is possible, but not definite, that some bacteria in the culture have the trait even without exposure.
question
Has evolution by natural selection recently occurred in the worldwide populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
answer
Yes, the frequency of the adaptive allele for drug resistance has increased over time.
question
Which of the following statements describes the adaptation that Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria have evolved in response to their new environment?
answer
The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.
question
In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for the corn borer to evolve resistance to the toxic protein?
answer
The corn borer must have heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.
question
On which of these species has artificial selection had the most influence?
answer
chickens
question
Which of the following should you do in order to breed a line of horses with long ears?
answer
Find two horses with longer than usual ears and mate them.
question
In order for natural selection to change a population significantly ________.
answer
a large number of individuals who are not fit must be eliminated from the population without reproducing
question
What is the most important factor in determining the way that a population evolves?
answer
the environment
question
What is artificial selection?
answer
selection caused by humans
question
Which of the choices below corrects the following statement: Dinosaurs didn't know how to adapt to climate change so they became extinct.
answer
It should read: No dinosaurs possessed adaptations that allowed them to survive new climate conditions so they became extinct.
question
Birth weight of humans babies is a result of ________.
answer
stabilizing selection
question
When Darwin was developing his ideas about natural selection there was one area in which he had limited understanding. What was it?
answer
a lack of understanding about how variation was passed on to offspring
