APUSH. Chapter 3: Hippo, Primogeniture, General Court – Flashcards
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Indentured Servitude (define)
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Passage paid for poor young men and women to come to colonies; in return, they worked for the person who paid their passage for a set number of years, usually 5-7 years, after which they gained their freedom. An indenture is a type of contract. Indentured servants were the primary source of labor in the American colonies during the early years of settlement.
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Indentured Servitude (date)
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1600s
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Rise of the Lower House (define)
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Most of the colonial legislatures had two houses: a lower house elected by the people of the colony and an upper house appointed by the governor. Over time, the lower house became more powerful because it reflected the needs and desires of the people, while the upper house was merely a figurehead.
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Rise of the Lower House (date)
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1600s-1700s
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Colonial agents (define)
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These were representatives sent to England by the colonial leaders during the 1600s and 1700s. They served as a link between England and the colonies.
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Colonial agents (date)
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1600s-1700s
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Pietism (define)
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Christian revival movement that stressed Bible study, conversion "new birth," and a devout life. It started as an attempt to reform the German Lutheran Church in the mid-seventeenth century. German pietism immigrants played a large part in religious revivalism in the mid-eighteenth century and had beliefs similar to Methodists.
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Pietism (date)
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mid 1600s
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Presbyterianism
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Protestant Christian denomination where elected assemblies presbyteries ran the church government rather than the congregations in congregationalism or bishops in the Episcopal system. It closed followed the teachings of John Calvin and the major difference between Congregationalism Puritanism and other Calvinist denominations and Presbyterianism was government structure.
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Unitarianism (define)
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Religious movement that discounted Calvinist doctrines stressing human sinfulness and rejected the belief in the Holy Trinity, or God in three parts: Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, believed by most Christians. Instead, Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God. It began in America in the 1700's within the Congregational churches of New England and held that each congregation should govern itself. In 1852, it officially split off from Congregationalism with the formation of the Unitarian Univeralist Association.
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Unitarianism (date)
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1700s-1800s
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Deism (define)
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A religious belief associated with the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment in which a rational "watchmaker," God, did not intervene directly in people's lives. Deists such as Benjamin Franklin rejected the authority of the Bible and relied on people's "natural reason" to define a moral code.
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Deism (date)
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1700s
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Harvard University (define)
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A college founded from a grant by the Massachusetts general court. It followed Puritan beliefs and its original purpose was to train ministers.
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Harvard University (date)
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1636
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Yale University (define)
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This university was established by colonial clergymen who wanted to establish a college in New Haven, Connecticut to preserve the tradition of European liberal education in the New World.
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Yale University (date)
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1701
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Old Deluder Act or Massachusetts School Law (define)
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Every town in Massachusetts Bay Colony with 50 or more households had to appoint a teacher for the children and pay their salary. The act reflected the importance Puritans put on literacy.
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Old Deluder Act or Massachusetts School Law (date)
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1647
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Maryland Act of Toleration (define)
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Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
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Maryland Act of Toleration (date)
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1649
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The Glorious Revolution (define)
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King James II's policies, such as converting to Catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintaining a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands who became known as William II in England, to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully after his troops deserted him and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."
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The Glorious Revolution (date)
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1688
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Salem Witch Trials (define)
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Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts, at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. Nineteen people were hanged and one was pressed to death as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
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Salem Witch Trials (date)
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1692
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John Bartram (define)
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America's first botanist, Bartram traveled through the frontier collecting specimens.
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John Bartram (date)
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1699-1777
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Middle Passage (define)
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Horrific sea voyage from Africa to the Americas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Nearly one million Africans died on the passage. Mortality rates averaged 15% on this voyage and in some case reached 50% or higher on individual ships.
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Middle Passage (date)
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1700s-1800s
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Stono Rebellion (define)
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Twenty black slaves met near Stono River, S.C., to plan their escape; they stole guns and headed south; others joined them. Slave owners caught them; battle ensued; twenty whites were killed and twice that many slaves. Because of the Rebellion South Carolina passed harsher slave laws.
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Stono Rebellion (date)
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1739
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Cotton Mather (define)
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Puritan theologian who urged inoculation of Bostonians during small pox epidemic in the 1720's. There was much controversy over inoculation, but it was effective in stopping the disease.
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Cotton Mather (date)
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1720s
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Phyllis Wheatley (define)
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First African-American, first slave and third woman in the U.S. to publish a book of poems; became known internationally.
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Phyllis Wheatley (date)
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1754-1784
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New York and Philadelphia as urban centers
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New York became an important urban center due to its harbor and rivers, which made it an important area for trade. Philadelphia was a center for trade and crafts, and attracted a large number of immigrants, so that by 1720 it had a population of 10,000. It was the capital of Pennsylvania from 1683-1799. As urban centers, both cities played a major role in American Independence.
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Middle Colonies
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The farms of the middle colonies were larger and more fertile than New England farms. The primary crops raised were wheat and corn. Philadelphia and New York were important commercial centers.
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Southern Colonies
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Large plantations using slave labor were characteristic of Southern colonies. The primary staple crops grown and exported were tobacco, rice, and indigo.
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New England Colonies
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Farms were small and the economy was more diversified than the southern colonies. New England built fishing, shipbuilding, and logging industries as well as profiting from the Triangular Trade.
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Triangular Trade
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The transatlantic trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. A famous example of this trade was shipping rum from New England to Africa and trading the rum for slaves. Then the slaves would be taken to the Caribbean and traded for sugar cane, and then the sugar cane would be shipped to New England where they used it to make rum, etc. The Triangular Trade was very profitable for colonial commerce.
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Dower Right
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A legal right originating in medieval Europe and carried to the American colonies that extended to a widow the use of one-third of the family's land and goods during her lifetime.
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Marriage Portion
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Land, livestock, farm equipment, or household goods given as marriage gifts to their children by eighteenth century parents. This was done to help children start life on their own, but parents expected children to repay the gift by taking care of them in their old age.
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Primogeniture / Entail
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These were the two British legal doctrines governing the inheritance of property. Primogeniture required that a man's real property pass in its entirety to his oldest son. Entail required that property could only be left to direct descendants, usually sons, and not to persons outside of the family.
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Great Awakening (define)
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Widespread religious revitalization movement that stressed vital religious faith and personal choice. Characterized by large, open-air meetings where itinerant preachers gave emotional sermons. This movement is sometimes referred to as the First Great Awakening, to distinguish it from a later movement in the 1820's-1830's, known as the Second Great Awakening.
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Great Awakening (date)
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1730s-1740s
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Revival Meetings
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These large-scale outdoor religious gatherings were important vehicles for the First Great Awakening. During these meetings, countless sinners professed conversion, as revivalist preachers stirred up religious faith with fervid sermons.
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Jonathan Edwards
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This Northampton, Massachusetts, Puritan minister was perhaps the finest theological mind produced in America. Edwards was a learned and orthodox preacher. He gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of hell. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" was the title of one of Edwards's most famous sermons.
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George Whitefield
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Important role in the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." Whitefield became a sensation throughout England, preaching to huge audiences. In 1738, he made the first of seven visits to America. Whitefield's preaching tour of the colonies, from 1739 to 1741, was the high-water mark of the Great Awakening there.
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William Tennant
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A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. In 1735, he founded a college (the "Log College") for the training of Presbyterian youth. Many of the "Log College" graduates went on to found other schools along the frontier. Princeton University is seen as a successor to the "Log College."
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Old Lights, New Lights
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The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the Congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established Congregational church.
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Establishment of New Colleges
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One consequence of the Great Awakening was that churches founded new colleges to educate their young and train ministers. The new colleges included Princeton (1746), King's College (Columbia) (1754), Brown (1764), Queen's College (Rutgers) (1766).
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The Enlightenment (define)
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The European cultural movement that reached America and emphasized rational and scientific thinking over traditional religion and superstition. Followers of the Enlightenment believed that human beings had the capability to analyze and affect the natural world, that individuals had to govern themselves, and that societies could be changed not by God, but through educational advancement and purposeful action.
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The Enlightenment (date)
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mid-1700s
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Benjamin Franklin (define)
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Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
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Benjamin Franklin (date)
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1706-1790
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Poor Richard's Almanac (define)
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First published in 1732. This was written by Benjamin Franklin and it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice. The saying, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," first appeared in this almanac. It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.
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Poor Richard's Almanac (date)
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1732
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Woolens Act (define)
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Declared that wool produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain.
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Woolens Act (date)
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1699
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Robert Walpole (define)
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Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.
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Robert Walpoole (date)
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early 1700s
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Salutary Neglect (define)
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British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II that relaxed royal supervision of internal colonial matters and was a major contribution to the rise of self-government in the colonies.
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Salutary Neglect (date)
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1714-1763
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Hat Act (define)
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Declared that hats made in the colonies could not be exported.
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Hat Act (date)
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1732
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Molasses Act (define)
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British Legislation that taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar, which the colonies imported other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a great deal of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.
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Molasses Act (date)
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1733
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Iron Act (define)
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Declared that no new iron forges or mills could be created in the colonies.
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Iron Act (date)
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1750
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Currency Act, the first (define)
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This act applied only to Massachusetts. It was an attempt to ban the production of paper money in Massachusetts, but it was defeated in Parliament.
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Currency Act, the first (date)
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1751
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Currency Act, the second (define)
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This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies in an effort to combat in inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.
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Currency Act, the second (date)
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1764
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Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts aka SPG (define)
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Founded as the missionary organization of the Church of England. Its purpose was to strengthen Anglican Church in America. The SPG sent missionaries and teachers to serve the colonists. The first missionaries arrived in 1702, but soon expanded their mission to converting American Indians and slaves as well.
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Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts aka SPG (date)
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1701
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John Peter Zenger (define)
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New York publisher charged with libeling a government official. The courts ruled that criticisms of the government were not libel if they were true in contrast to England where any printed attack on a government official was libel even if it was true. This instrumental case expanded freedom of the press in America.
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John Peter Zenger (date)
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1735
