APUSH chapter 1-4 – Flashcards
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By the time the Europeans arrived in the Western hemisphere in the 1490's most Native Americans lived in what region?
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Mesoamerica & the Andes
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*Which of the following describes the first ancestors of the Native American peoples?* - this group had always lived in the Western Hemisphere - the first Native Americans migrated by sea from Polynesia - the original group migrated by sea from China - they were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia
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they were migrants who came over land from northeastern Asia
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How can we most accurately characterize the first people people who migrated to the Americas?
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the people who crossed the Bering Strait from Asia
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What was the foundation for the prosperous Native American societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley?
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the cultivation of Maize
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Which of the following statements describes the Maya peoples?
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They devised a calendar system that predicted solar and lunar eclipses accurately
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What present day locale did the aztecs live in?
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Mexico
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The Hohokams, Mogollon, and Anasazi peoples who lived in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around A.D. 1000
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employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year.
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What was a characteristic of both the Mississippi and Pueblo people?
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used maize agriculture
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Which of the Pueblo peoples built hundreds of miles of straight roads across the desert in the American Southwest to facilitate trade?
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Anasazis
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The Native American settlement known as Cahokia was a
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significant Mississippian city with more than one hundred temple mounds
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What describes the system of Native American peoples east of the Mississippi River?
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they had no single style of political organization
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which of the following was a characteristic of the aztec, mayan and iroquois civilizations?
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farming practices
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Which of the following describes family life among Native Americans?
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Kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families.
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Which of the following describes trading relationships among Native Americans in the period before European contact?
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Native Americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances.
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What characterizes Native North Americans' spiritual views and practices?
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animism
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which of the following statements describes the status of European Monarchs in 1450
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was often challenged by local nobles.
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The social order in Europe around 1450 is most accurately described as being
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hierarchical and authoritarian
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What characteristic did traditional European, Mayan, and Aztec civilizations of the 15th century hold in common?
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each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above
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Typically, when an English woman of the fifteenth century married
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she owned property jointly with her husband
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in 1450, the majority of men were which of the following
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peasants
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name of the European practice wherein the eldest son inherited nearly all of his fathers estate
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Primogeniture
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On the eve of European colonization of the Americans, most Western Europeans lived in
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small, relatively isolated rural communities
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The European Renaissance began in 1300 in which of the following countries?
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Italy
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What Renaissance era ideology celebrated public virtue and service to the state?
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civic humanism
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Which European nation was the first to involve itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade?
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portugal
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Merchants from what country made inroads in the arab-dominated routes of the Mediterranean in the 12th century?
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Italy
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The rise of commerce in most of Europe in the fifteenth century shifted the balance of power by favoring which of the following groups?
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monarchs
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Which Europeans were represented by guilds in the 15th century?
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artisans
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As it gained power in Europe, Roman and medieval Catholicism contended with pre-Christian festivals and the agricultural cycle by
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integrating them into Christian holy days and biblical teachings.
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Why were the crusades, which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D., significant in Europe?
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introduced Europeans to the wider world by expanding trade routes and introducing them to sugar
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What was a result of the Crusades which took place between 1096 and 1291 A.D.?
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Western European merchants gained awareness of Asian trade routes
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The first phase of the Reformation in the 1500s had its greatest success in which European country?
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Germany
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What did Martin Luther advocate most?
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the Catholic Church was corrupt and in need of reform
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John Calvin and Calvinist theologians of the 1500s's stressed what major ideas?
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predestination, human weakness, God is an absolute ruler /sovereign
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In West Africa, the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire all had what in common?
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use of gold as the cornerstone of their power
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Most of the people living in West Africa when European trade began in the early 15th century were
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animists
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What prevented Europeans from seeking to conquer territory in Africa in the 15th century?
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coastal kingdoms were too well-defended
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What best describes the Portuguese connection to African slavery in the 1400s?
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Portuguese traders ousted Arab merchants as the prime African slave merchants
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why was the fifteenth-century marriage of queen isabella and king ferdinand of spain significant?
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Ousted Muslims out of Spain, Spanish Inquisition, Financed Columbus' expeditions
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on october 12, 1492 columbus, his men, and his ships reached
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bahamas
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Why had Christopher Columbus faded from public view by the time he died in 1506?
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he failed to find great treasures or kingdoms.
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What motivation drove the Spanish conquistadors who followed Columbus to the Americas in the early 16th century?
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their thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility
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Which of the following factors eased the spaniards' conquest of the aztecs in the 16th century
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The internal fighting among warriors over succession to the empire's throne.
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What best describes the impact of the Columbian Exchange?
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it transported livestock, crops, and diseases among Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas
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Why did the number of Indians living in Mesoamerica decline from about 30 million in the fifteenth century to approximately 3 million by 1650?
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Disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with them.
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which of the following explorers is correctly matched with his area of exploration?
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cortés—conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico
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Why were the modern-day countries of Mexico and Peru originally Spain's most significant conquests?
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the Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold
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Which of the following statements characterizes the legacy of the Spanish conquest in the New World in the sixteenth century?
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the Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures.
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During most of the sixteenth century, which of the following was the wealthiest nation in Europe?
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spain
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How did the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquer the Incans by 1535?
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The Incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne.
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In the sixteenth century, the Spanish crown granted encomiendas to which of the following groups
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Indians who converted to Catholicism
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The encomiendas granted by the Spanish crown in the sixteenth century consisted of
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large quantities of gold and silver
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By the mid-1500s, Spain's main goal in North America was to
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to monopolize Indian labor and control resources
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Which of the following diseases were introduced into Europe by Christopher Columbus's sailors after their journey to the Americas in the 1490s
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std/syphilis
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What was the significance of the arrival of New World crops such as maize and potatoes in Europe and Asia after the 1500s?
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American crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the Old World
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What caused the Spanish Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule in 1566?
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Dutch Protestants' desire to protect their faith
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King Henry VIII started the English Reformation by
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declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England
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Which of the following was an outcome of Elizabeth I's compromise on the Church of England
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It angered English people who supported radical Protestantism
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The main motive for King Philip II's attack on England in 1588 was to
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restore the Roman church in England and to wipe out Calvinism in holland
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Two hundred thousand Spaniards from Castile migrated to America in the 1500s in order to escape
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high taxes on agriculture and military servce
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Why was the influx of American gold and silver into the English economy during the 16th century significant
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The influx led to increased power for the nobility and the House of Lords
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Which of the following was true of the English outwork textile industry that emerged around 1500
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Landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth
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Portuguese colonists in Brazil in the sixteenth century created an industry based on which of these resources
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sugar
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Which of the following groups provided labor for Brazil's profitable plantations in 1620
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african slaves
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What describes the English migrants who initially settled in the Jamestown colony in the early 1600s?
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early Jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and Indian labor
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Powhatan, leader of a confederation of about two dozen tribes in Virginia
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treated the English as potential allies and attempted to integrate them into his chiefdom
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What accounted for the uneasy relations that persisted between Powhatan's people and the Jamestown settlers for more than a decade after 1607?
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both groups' inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom
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The economic livelihood of the Virginia colony in the 1700's depended on which of the following products
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tobacco
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Which of the following developments fostered the flow of migrants into the Virginia colony between 1617 and 1622
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The Virginia Company began to allow individual settlers to own land
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What effect did American tobacco have in England during the early colonial period?
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English developed a huge appetite for tobacco, hoping to feel a 40 year boom in prices
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Which of the following resulted from the surprise Indian attack on the Virginia colony Jamestown in 1622
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James the first revoked the charter of the Virginia company making it a royal colony
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Which of the following characteristics were common of royal colonies throughout English America in the 17th century
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Appointed governors, elected assemblies, and an established Anglican Church
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Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, established that colony as a haven for
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catholics
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What describes the colony of Maryland, founded in 1632?
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tobacco production shaped its economy and social structures
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What characterizes life in the 17th century American plantation colonies?
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disease took such a toll that most children lost at least one parent before their 13th birthday
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In north america's plantation colonies , most indentured servants
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did not escape poverty
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How did the plantation colonies of Barbados differ those of the Chesapeake in the 17th century?
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the Chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and Barbados did so quickly
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What describes Africans in Virginia after the 1660s?
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Africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition
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In contrast to the Spanish missionaries of the 16th century, the 17th century French Jesuits
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tried to understand the Indians' values and worldview
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What encouraged migrants to New France in the 17th century?
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generous terms for indentured servitude
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How was colonization similar for the French and Spanish?
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the French and Spanish aimed to Christianize the native peoples?
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What happened to the Dutch colony of New Netherland in the 17th century?
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the venture failed to attract many settlers
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Which of the following native groups capitalized on its geographic location in central New York and remained a significant political force in North America long after colonization?
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iroquois
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Why did Plymouth begin to thrive after its first year while Jamestown struggled for many years?
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the religious discipline of the Plymouth settlers encouraged their stronger work ethic
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When they settled in the New World in 1630, the Puritans' first priority was to
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create a reformed society that model true Christianity in America
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Which colony did John Winthrop's phrase "city upon a hill"?
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Massachusetts Bay
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For which of the following reasons was Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay in 1636
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The puritan minister condemned the separation of church and state
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Anne Hutchinson was banished from Mass. Bay for teaching that
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believers did not need to obey church rules
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Which of the following New England colonies required church membership in order to be able to vote
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Massachusetts Bay
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What caused the puritance' "errand into the wilderness" to become permanent
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the failure of the English Revolution
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devout Puritans, such as Cotton Mather, was based on which of the following
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regularly explained unusual events as the result of supernatural forces
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why did the largest land holdings in the 17th century New England towns usually belong to wealthier families
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they had the money to buy and maintain the land, their social status helped them secure the plot
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Which of the following was characteristic of both the Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut colonies?
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ordinary farmers had more political power than most yeomen in the Chesapeake colonies.
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how did the puritans justify their invasion of the native americans' land in the seventeenth century
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by interpreting epidemics that devastated Native American populations as a favorable sign from God
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The Metacom's Rebellion (king philips war) was
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an attempt to save Indian lands and culture in New England
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What was life like in the Chesapeake region after 1660?
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a wealthy, planter-merchant elite dominated the Chesapeake economy and owned almost half of the land in Virginia
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Why was William Berkeley significant in the Chesapeake region in the seventeenth century?
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gave special treatment to his friends on the council, led to rebellion in Virginia.
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What was a consequence of Bacon's Rebellion of the 1670s?
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slavery began to replace indentured servitude
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How were the Indian uprising in 1622 and Bacon's Rebellion in 1675-1676 similar?
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the rebellions led to changes in the structure of the colony's government
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How were the Spanish conquistadors, Nathaniel Bacon's frontiersmen, and the Puritans similar?
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all treated the Native Americans brutally
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Which of the following describes the character of Britain's empire in america before 1660
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The British ruled their american colonies in a haphazard and lax manner
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Which of the following was true of the Restoration colonies of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the Carolinas in the 1660's?
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They were created when Charles II ascended the throne after Cromwell's dictatorial rule
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Which of the following statements describes the dominant approach to settlement in North Carolina in its early years
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the proprietors planned to set up a manorial system but this planned failed
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The first colonists who settled South Carolina and introduced racial slavery arrived from
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Barbados
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which america colony was established as a haven for the quakers
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pennsylvania
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which of the following statements is true of the Quaker religion in the 1660s
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it taught that God imbued all men and women with an inner light of grace
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The navigation acts, implemented in the american colonies by Britain in the mid-seventeenth century, were originally intended to
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cut the french Dutch and French out of colonial trade
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The navigation acts of the mid-seventeenth century included which of the following stipulations
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European goods imported to the colonies had to go through English ports
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Which of the following was an outcome of the Navigation Acts of the mid-seventeenth century
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colonists were required to export their sugar and tobacco only to England
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Which of the following statements describes the change in English economic philosophy toward the colonies beginning in the 1650s
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No longer content with a favorable balance of trade with european countries, the english government controlled trade with the colonies
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As part of its mercantilism policy in the late seventeenth century, England committed which of the following actions
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drove the dutch from new netherland
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Which of the following events provoked a major crisis for puritans in Mass. in the 17th century
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the annulment of Mass. charter
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What reason did Britain's King James 2 create the Dominion of New England in 1686?
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He aimed to strengthen Royal control of the American colonies
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For which of the following reasons did the 1686 Dominion of New England anger American colonists
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it invalidated the Mass. Bay colony's original land titles
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What occurred in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
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Plymouth, Maine, and Massachusetts Bay were joined to create a new Royal colony
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In Maryland, the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution was characterized by
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the establishment of the Church of England as the official church
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Which of the following describes the significance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England and America?
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The event led to a period of lax British rule of its american colonies, with new laws and taxes
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Which of the following describes the process of tribalization that occurred in America in the early eighteenth century
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stateless peoples' adaption to the major demands imposed on them by neighboring states
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Why was the covenant chain between New York and the Iroquois people in the early 18th century significant?
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their alliance soon became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples
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Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of the War for Spanish Succession (1702-1713) in the American Southeast
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The creek nation uses the European was to expand its power into northern Florida and North Carolina
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Which of the following was true for the Iroquois in New York during the period of Imperial warfare in the early eighteenth century
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the tribe allied with France and Britain and declared their intention to remain neutral
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When the early eighteenth-century Anglo-French wars temporarily ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Britain had
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Won major territorial and commercial gains, including Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay region as well as access to the western Indian trade
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Which agricultural product served as the foundation for the South Atlantic System in the eighteenth century
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Sugar
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Which of the following areas imported the smallest number of slaves in the early eighteenth century
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British
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Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of the slave trade on Africa
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the slave trade hardened African class divisions and changed gender relations
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Which of the following statements characterizes African states' involvement in the Atlantic Slave trade
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the Asante Kinds used the profits of slave trading to expand their political dominion
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The transatlantic slave trade resulted in which of the following outcomes in the 18th century
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the emergence of polygamous marriage in many African socities
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the term *Middle Passage* refers to which of the following
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African slaves' perilous trans-Atlantic journey to the Americas
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Which of the following statements characterizes life for slaves in the West Indies in the 1700s
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Because the price of slaves was low and the price of sugar was high, slave owners worked the slaves to death and then just replaced them
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The "tobacco revolution" in Virginia and Maryland led to
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the creation of a slave-based plantation economy
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Which of the following characterized tobacco, rice, and sugar production in the 18th century America
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each drove the expansion of the slave trade for a time
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what method did Chesapeake planters use in the early 18th century to prevent slave revolts
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they brought slaves of different ethnic backgrounds to limit their ability to organize
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Which of the following explains why Chesapeake planters treated their slaves less harshly than West Indian planters in the 18th Century
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profits on sugar were considerably higher than those made through tobacco production
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Which of the following statements describes slaves' lives in the North American colonies in the eighteenth century
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Slaves continues the ritual scarring practices that originated in many African tribes
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The extent of violence perpetrated by whites against slaves in any particular geographic area depended on which of the following factors
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Its population density
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what spurred slaves to organize the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739
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The Spanish governor in Florida had promised freedom to fugitive slaves
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How did South Carolina planters respond in the aftermath of the Stono Rebellion in 1739
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the planters decided to import fewer Africans
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Which of the following was true of slavery in the American colonies in the 18th century
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from some noteworthy rebellions, slaves rarely rebelled or even dissented
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Which of the following changes occurred in white society in the Chesapeake colonies at the same time that slavery was being forced on Africans
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a more rigid class structure with a well-defined and highly visible economic and political elite began to emerge
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during the period between 1676 and 1750, how did the Virginia gentry try to reduce social discontent
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The gentry urged even the smallest landholders to purchase slaves and thus support the slavery system
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People from which of the following groups modeled themselves after the English aristocracy in the first half of the eighteenth century
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New York Yeomen
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By the middle of the eighteenth century, Chesapeake planters displayed their dominance through
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gentility
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Which of the following combinations describes wealthy Chesapeake and Southern women in the first half of the eighteenth century
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Genteel and deferential
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Which of the following statements characterizes the colonial shipbuilding industry during the early eighteenth century
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most shipbuilding took place in New Jersey and Connecticut
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In the mid-1700's, how were the English colonies throughout the British Atlantic empire primarily linked
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The colonies all had socioeconomic commonalities
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The British colonists in the 18th century North America enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to
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the practice of salutary neglect
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What did the British policy of salutary neglect of the American colonies in the early eighteenth century mean
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The British relaxed their supervision of the colonies' internal affairs while concentrating on defense and trade policies
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Why did war break out between England and Spain in the late 1730s?
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Spain was angry over the English settlement of Georgia
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The Americans' major objection to the Navigation Acts related to which of the following stipulations
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the requirement that Americans maintain a favorable balance of trade with England
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which of the following statements characterized the currency problems that plagued the american colonies in the early and mid-eighteenth century
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the lack of currency in the colonies led New England states to issue paper money, which English Creditors increasingly refused to accept
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which of the following best describes the new england freehold society of the early 18th century
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Many relatively equal landowning families who livelihoods came from agriculture and trade
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How did farm wives throughout the colonies in the 18th century contribute to their families
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Wives acted as helpmates to their husbands and performed both domestic and agricultural tasks
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Which of the following statements describes the relationship of a typical New England women to the church in the 18th century
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women and men joined churches in equal numbers but men dominated leadership
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Which of the following statements best describes Womens property rights in the English colonies in the 18th century
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When they married women passed legal ownership of all personal property to their husbands
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Which of the following statements best describes inheritance patterns in colonial New England during the mid 1700s?
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Fathers had a cultural duty to provide inheritances for their children
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In 18th century New England that notion that parents would pay grown children for their past labor in exchange for the privilege of choosing the children's spouses was known as
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the marriage portion
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Which of the following statements describes rural life in the New England colonies during the 18th century
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Colonists sense of personal worth and dignity in rural New England contrasted sharply with European peasant life
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Which of the following developments created a crisis for New England Purtian society in the 18th century
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Population growth made freehold land scarce
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Which of the following was a result of the long-procured policy of subdividing land in New England for inheritance by the mid-1700s
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The number of children conceived before marriage rose sharply
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Which of the following was an outcome of New England families efforts to maintain the freeholder ideal in the late 18th century
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Farmers abandoned traditional grain crops and adopted livestock agriculture instead
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Which of the following statements describes the role of money and economic exchange in 18th century rural New England
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Generally no money was exchanged between relatives and neighbors but accounts of debts were maintained and settled every few years by cash transfers
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In New York during the first half of the 18th century settlement of the Hudson River valley showed which of the following patterns
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The Dutch manorial system largely remained intact with a few wealthy and powerful Dutch and English landlords dominating poor tenant families
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Which of the following statements characterizes the nature of colonial Pennsylvania during the 18th century
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The growing wheat trade in the mid 18th century brought an influx of poor families which increased social divisions
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Which of the following features characterized the middle Atlantic colonies of New York New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the 18th century
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Cultural diversity
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Which of the following 18th century Pennsylvania immigrants grounds quickly lost its cultural identity by practicing intermarriage with other Protestants
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Dutch Huguenots
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What did the German immigrants known as redemptions do on their arrival in Pennsylvania in the 18th century
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Negotiated the terms for a period of servitude through which they would pay for their trip
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The most numerous voluntary nonslave emigrants to British North American in the 18th century came from which of the following groups?
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scots-irish
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Which of the following statements characterizes 18th century religious practice in Pennsylvania
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Each religious sect enforced moral behavior among its members
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the political conflicts that wracked colonial pennsylvania in the middle of the eighteenth century stemmed from which of the following groups
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rapid immigrations and population growth
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Why was the print revolution that occurred in the colonies during the early 18th century significant
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Pruning allowed got the broad transmissions of new ideas
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Which of the following individuals created the foundation for enlightenment thinking?
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Nicolas Copernicus
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The English philosopher John Locke believed which of the following ideas
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People had natural rights such as life liberty and property
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The power of human reason a world ordered by natural laws and the progressive improvement of society are associated with which of the following movements
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The enlightenment
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Purtian minister cotton Mathers response to which of the following 18th century crises demonstrated that enlightenment ideals had begun to influence him
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The Boston small pox epidemic
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Influenced by Enlightenment science, which of the following religious movements believed that God had created the world but allowed it to operate in accordance with the laws of nature?
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deism
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How did the Pietism movement of the eighteenth century differ from Puritanism?
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pietism stressed an individual's relationship with God
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Which of these individuals would have most likely preferred Pietism to deism in the eighteenth century?
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.....
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What made George Whitefield such as successful evangelical preacher in New England in the 1740s
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a reputation for being "almost angelical" in appearance
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Which of the following statements describes the religious controversy that emerged from the Great Awakening during the 1740s and 1750s?
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The old lights prohibited traveling preachers from speaking to a congregation without its ministers permission
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During the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s, which of the following groups challenged the authority of ministers?
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the new lights
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Which of the following colleges was founded in the mid 18th century out of the religious enthusiasm spread by the great awaking
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Princeton
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The 18th century great awaking was the impetus for which of the following phenomena
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African Americans created of a disincentive Protestant Christianity
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Which of these religious demonmiantions successfully converted many slaves in the mid 18th century southern colonies
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baptists
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Why did the Virginia gentry fear the rise of the baptists in the mid 18th century
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They threatened to undermine the gentry's position and privilege
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Which of the following consequences of the eighteenth-century Great Awakening made it historically significant?
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Americans' new freedom to challenge authority within and outside the church
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Which of the following eighteenth-century movements posed a significant challenge to traditional assumptions about race, gender, and class in American society?
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The great awaking
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The French and Indian war started as a result of disputed land claims regarding
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The Ohio river valley
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Hostilities between French troops and Virginians led by colonel George Washington began in 1754 at which of the following locations
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Fort Duquesne
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How did the British government respond to hostitlies in America in 1754
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William Pitt and lord Halifax persuaded prime minister Pelham to start a war America against the french
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What made the British authorities wary of declaring war against the French in North America in 1754?
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They believed the American colonists were incapable of cooperating in their own defense
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The 1754 Albany congress was a significant event because it demonstrated that
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neither the colonies nor the British found the other plans acceptable
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the group that came to be known as the cajuns after the great war for empire were
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acadians
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Which of the following was part of Williams pitts strategy to mobilize the American colonies for the Great War for empire in 1756
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Committing to provide a fleet of British ships and 30000 soldiers to North America
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Which of the following was a Provision of the treaty of Paris of 1763
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France lost all of her mother American territory east of the Mississippi river
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In the mid-1700s which industrializing nation was the dominant commercial power in
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the Atlantic ocean England
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What describes the early Industrial Revolution and its impact on the American colonies in the 18th century
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Britain's new ability to produce more and cheaper goods than ever before transformed American markets and raised most colonists' standard of living
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What specific purpose did the colonies of New York Pennsylvania Maryland and Virginia serve for the British empire in the 18th century
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Their wheat crops made them the breadbasket of the Atlantic world
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Which of the following developments was an outcome of the 18th century consumer revolution?
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The colonies became more dependent on overseas credits and markets
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Ponticas uprising in Detroit in 1763 was a direct cause of which of the following events
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the Royal proclamation of 1763
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Which of the following problems troubled both eastern migrants and western settlers in the American colonies in the mid-1700s?
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Competition for land