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Pendleton Act/Civil Service Act (1833)

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first national civil service measure required some federal jobs to be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage

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mugwumps

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liberal Republicans

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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prohibiting combinations that restrained competition

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Wabash Case (1886)

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ruled one of Granger Laws unconstitutional

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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

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banned discrimination btwn long/short hauls other shit i couldn't give less of a shit about tbh

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The Grangers

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promoted political action to curb monopolistic practices

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The Panic of 1893

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Philadelphia and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy

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The Maine

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American battleship blew up in Havana harbor more than 260 deaths accidental, but war hysteria

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Commodore George Dewey, Battle of Manila Bay

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Roosevelt sent the Navy's Pacific fleet to Philippines orders to attack as soon as America declared war May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey led fleet into Manila Harbor quickly destroyed Spanish fleet, force them to surrender

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Puerto Rico, Jones Act

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1917, Congress passed Jones Act declared Puerto Rice to be US territory made all Puerto Ricans citizens

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Anti-imperialist League*

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believed imperialism immoral feared "polluting" American population established late 1898, fought against annexation

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Platt Amendment* (1901)

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Congress pressured Cuba into incorporating its terms into constitution barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations gave US the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life, property required Cuba to permit American naval stations on territory

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Elihu Root

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appointed by McKinley as secretary of war enacted many reforms for modern military system

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Progressive beliefs:

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antimonopoly, social cohesion, deep faith in knowledge

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Lincoln Steffens, McClure's magazine

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portraits of machine govt. and boss rule, helped arouse sentiment

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Social Gospel

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the effort to make faith into a tool of social reform ex: Salvation Army

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Thorstein Veblen

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proposed new economic system in which engineers held power

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Professionalism

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late nineteenth century saw drastic expansion in administrative/professional tasks distinct social group created: "new middle class"

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"Boston marriages"

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women living with other women perhaps romantically

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General Federation of Women's Clubs (1892)

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sign of increasing public roles of women to provide middle and upper class with outlet for intellectual energies important force in winning passage of laws regulating conditions of woman and child labor

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Women's Trade Union League (1903)

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committed to persuading women to join unions

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initiative

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allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections

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referendum

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provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval

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Robert M. La Follette

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most celebrated state-level reformer elected governor in 1900 helped turn state into "laboratory of progressivism" progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, referendums

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Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire (1911)

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fire swept through factory 146 workers, mostly women, died state commission studied disaster 1914: reports calling for major reforms in the conditions of modern labor

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Ida Wells Barnett

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black woman tried to discredit lynchings and challenged segregation

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18th Amendment

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established prohibition of alcoholic beverages

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Eugenics

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spread belief that human inequalities were hereditary immigration was contributing to multiplication of unfit

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Bill Haywood/Industrial Workers of the World*

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radical labor union known as "Wobblies" advocated single union for all workers

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Northern Securities Co. case (1902)

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Roosevelt ordered Justice Dept. to invoke Sherman Antitrust Act against

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"Square Deal"

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bitter 1902 strike by United Mine Workers endangered coal supplies Roosevelt asked both operators and miners to accept impartial federal arbitration

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Federal Reserve Act

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president signed on December 23, 1913 create 12 regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district would hold certain percentage of the assets of their member banks in reserve use reserves to support loans to private banks at an interest

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Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

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Roosevelt mediated between Russia and Japan, Russia accepted Japan's terms, Japan agreed to let US trade freely in region of Manchuria

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Great White Fleet

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Roosevelt sent sixteen battleships "Great White Fleet" on journey around world so Japan would recognize power

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Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

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Roosevelt claimed had right to oppose European intervention in Western Hemisphere, intervene in domestic affairs of its neighbors if they unable to maintain order and national sovereignty on their own

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Panama Canal

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linked the Atlantic and Pacific by creating a channel through Central America, most celebrated foreign policy accomplishment of Roosevelt's

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Dollar Diplomacy

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Taft's secretary of state, Philander C. Knox worked to extend American investments into less-developed regions

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Triple Entente

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became known as the "Allies" during the war, linked Britain, France, and Russia

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Triple Alliance

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later called "Central Powers" united Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy (Italy later joined Alliance when war began)

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Lusitania

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Germans sunk the British passenger liner without warning, causing deaths of many people including 128 Americans

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Bolshevik Revolution — November 1917

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a new communist government, led by V. I. Lenin, negotiated a hasty and costly peace between Russia and the Central Powers, thus freeing German troops to fight on the western front

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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

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joined Allied forces in turning back a series of new German assaults assisted French in repelling bitter German offensive near Paris helped turn away another assault farther south, etc.

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The War Industries Board (1917)

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to coordinate govt. purchases of military supplies struggled until Wilson placed it under control of the Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch

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Committee on Public Information

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under direction of Denver journalist George Creel, vast propaganda campaign in support of war supervised distribution of printed material and controlled info available for newspapers and magazines

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The Espionage Act of 1917

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gave govt. tools to combat spying, sabotage, obstruction of war effort

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Fourteen Points

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Wilson appeared before Congress to present principles he believed nation was fighting for 8: adjusting postwar boundaries and establishing new nations to replace the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires 5: principles to govern international conduct, freedom of seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reductions in armaments, free trade, impartial mediation of colonial claims proposal for "League of Nations"

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Paris Peace Conference (December 13, 1918)

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leaders of the Allied nations present Wilson able to win creation of permanent international organization to oversee world affairs and prevent future wars: League of Nations

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Henry Cabot Lodge

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chairman of Foreign Relations Committee, hated president and used every possible tactic to obstruct treaty

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Marcus Garvey

answer

black nationalism, encouraged blacks to reject assimilation and develop own pride as a race

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Red Scare

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spontaneous acts of violence of Communist radicals

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Sacco-Vanzetti

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Italian immigrants, confessed anarchists, convicted of murder of paymaster, died in electric chair

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"ham radio"

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"shortwave" radios allowed individual owners to establish contact w/each other could receive signals over long distances, but not over short

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Welfare capitalism/Henry Ford

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paternalistic techniques adopted by some employers shortened workweek, raised wages, instituted paid vacations company unions emerged for workers to voice opinions gave workers no real control over their own fates collapsed in 1929

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"open shop"/American Plan*

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shop in which no worker could be required to join a union

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Parity

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formula for setting an adequate price for farm goods ensuring farmers would earn back at least their production costs no matter how the national or world agricultural market might fluctuate

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National Origins Act of 1924

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banned immigration from East Asia entirely reduced quota for Europeans from 3 to 2 percent immigration would heavily favor northwestern Europeans

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American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

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to defend pacifists, radicals, etc.

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"associationalism"

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a concept that envisioned the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries.

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Abraham Lincoln Brigade

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during The Spanish Civil War of mid-1930s group of young Americans traveled to Spain to join fight against fascists

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Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

answer

established the first major govt. program to help farmers maintain prices Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 increased protection on 75 farm products

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

answer

bill passed Jan. 1932 govt. agency to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses

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Farmers' Holiday Association (1932)

answer

group of unhappy farm owners gathered in Des Moines, Iowa endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market a farmer's strike

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