APES CH 6 REVIEW – Flashcards
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Which of the examples below illustrates the economic principle of a negative externality?
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cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods
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Adam Smith was the first to articulate the view that _______.
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individuals acting in self-interest would benefit society (as long as the behavior was constrained by private property rights)
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Which process helps consumers tell which brands use processes believed to be environmentally beneficial and which brands do not?
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ecolabeling
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Economists assess the economic health of a nation by calculating its _______.
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Gross Domestic Product
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The Mirarr aborigines value land, plants, and animals as sacred. This philosophy is closest to _______.
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ecocentrism
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The book that expanded the community to include "soils, waters, plants, and animals or collectively: the land" was called _______.
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The Land Ethic
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The environmental justice movement started because _______.
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people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)
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What are nonmarket values?
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values for items such as ecosystem services that are not usually included in the price of a good or service
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In which of the following ways did neoclassical economics contribute to environmental problems?
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by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite
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What is meant by "market failure" as relates to economic theory?
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The market does not reflect the total and true costs and benefits of actions.
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_______ ascribes equal value to all living things and says that because we are inseparable from our living environment we must protect all other living things as we would protect ourselves.
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Biocentrism
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The conservation ethic suggested that _______.
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resources should be used from natural areas but in a responsible way such that they are not depleted
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How does the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) differ from the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)?
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The GPI takes into account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values, while the GDP does not.
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Ecosystem goods include _______.
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items produced by ecosystems that are consumed or used in manufacturing
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In a subsistence economy, individuals _______.
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meet most of their needs from nature, but may trade for local goods made by different clans or families
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Two individuals can look at the same environmental problem and come up with exactly the opposite solution, although both individuals have sound explanations based on their culture. This reflects a difference in _____.
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worldview
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A universalist would argue that an ethical standard like _____ exists across all cultures and contexts.
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the categorical imperative
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If someone said, "Earth and all of its contents were created for the betterment of human beings, so as long as something is good for humans, it is good for the whole Earth," they could hold the _____ view.
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anthropocentric
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During what century did consumption of natural resources and pollution increase dramatically for the first time in human history?
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The 19th century
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Two scientists are debating the responsibility of humans to the environment. The first debater says, "We should maintain the environment in its most natural state as if we hadn't been here at all." The second says, "We should use the environmental resources available to us but not abuse them." Which two scientists discussed in this chapter would have made these comments, respectively?
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Muir; Pinchot
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Members of the _____ movement would be very concerned about the unequal exposure of members of a certain race to pollution.
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environmental justice
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Most families in a country are farmers. Each family produces just enough food and material goods for it to survive each year. This country has a _____ economy.
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subsistence
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A country based on _____ would relate most easily with the ideas asserted by Adam Smith.
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Capitalism
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While in the grocery store, Maria chooses to purchase the soy milk produced from nongenetically modified soybeans over the brand grown conventionally. Maria has made use of _____ for her decision.
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ecolabeling
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A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of _______.
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greenwashing
