AP World History Review Sheet – Flashcards
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Why were countries interested in Africa during the First Age of Imperialism?
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slaves for Triangular Trade, place to imperialize, evangelize, civilize
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Describe the slave trade and its effects on Africa and the World.
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used Africans b/c they were resistant to European diseases, Middle Passage = poor hygine, dysentry, disease, maltreatment, average motality rate was 20%; Africa accquired fire arms, destruction of families and communities, forced marches, slave pens, slave wars, imitate western society; world sees increase in economy (especially in sugar), increased "need" for slaves
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What were the reasons for the first age of imperialism?
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gold, glory, God; nationalism, want for land/ power, glory for themselves and their nation, slaves, spices, slaves, new goods, NW Passage, better technology (new ships, compass, astrolabe, better maps), felt duty to evangelize to and evangelize the "barbarians"
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Why did th Ming dynasty practice isolationism?
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disliked mass amounts of Christian conversions, persecutions, bann => open campaign against all Western influence
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Who was Zheg He?
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led Japanese trade expeditions, sailed w/ 28,000 armed soldiers, exchanged gifts est. trade with foreign rulers, expeditions were cancelledb/c of increased threats from the Mongols and the expense, he was also gaining too much popularity and the gov't was afraid of him gaining power
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
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began in England b/c there were laborers, natural resourses (coal, water), an educated middle class, political stability, and capital; began in the textile industry, new inventions made the processes quicker and products better, colonies could provide needed raw materials
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Effects of Industrial Revolution
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1)military power increased (troops could mover quicker, kill more) 2)Western areas took over dependant areas (imperialism, markets were dominated) 3)population increased overall (more food, life expectancy up, immigration) 4)westerncivilization spread (language, religion, technology) 5) higher standard of living (cheaper and more goods, medicine, international organizations (red cross, postal system) *6) pollution
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Britain and the rest of Europe during the Industraial Revolution
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had necessary "ingredients" for Revolution
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Agricultural Revolution
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farming becomes commercial, new machines increase production, new foods increase population
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Inventors of the Industrial Revolution
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Watt (engine) McCormick (reaper) Stevenson (locamotive) Tull (seed drill)
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philosophs of the Enlightenment
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1) Locke (life, liberty, property, religion; against slavery, wanted education) 2) Voltaire (religious tolerance, freedom of speech) 3) Montesquieu (system of checks and balances/ three branches of gov't) 4) Smith ("laissez-faire"/ capitalism = economic system with private owners and little gov't interference
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American Revolution
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influenced other colonies and revolutions (France, Central and South America)
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causes of French Revolution
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Enlightenment, rigid social structure (middle class wanted political power, great poverty among peasants), weak and inefficient King (Louis XVI), fought and lost many wars ( 7 Years' War), inspired by AMerican Rev)
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Political spectrum
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1) radical- someone who looks to the future and is willing to use violence 2) liberal- likes change & is willling to experiment, does not use violence 3) moderate- compromiser 4) conservative- likes the "status quo", resists change 5) reactionary- wants to "turn back the clock" to the wy things used to be, willing to use violence
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Effects of French Revolution
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nationalism, liberalism, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, metric, new calendar, universal conscription, king and queen executed, National Assembly/ Parliament
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Napoleon
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Napoleonic Code est. (promised equality under the law, civil marriage & divorce, inheritance equalized), meritocracy, public school education, religious toleration, Bank of France (nobles had to pay taxes, reformed tax structure), Continental System (tried to blockade Britain), tried to dtorm Russia (scorched earth policy)
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Conservative Restoration
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1) Congress of Vienna (monarchs restored, Frace surrounded w/ strong countries, victors compensated 2) conservatives tried to stop Enlightenment ideas (middle class pushed for reforms, revolutions broke out in Greece and Belgium) 3) reforms happened despite monarchial disenchentment
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Emmiline Pankhurst/ Elizabeth Stanton
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fought for women's rights in England, used violence/ fought for Women's rights in USA
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Industrial Reforms
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improvements in child and women's labor, factories and mines evaluated
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political reforms
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suffrage for women and men, more rights for women, more representation in cities
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Settlement Colonies
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large # of people from the mother country move to the area
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Dutch Imperialism
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Dutch East India Company made deals with the Sultans of Mataram (vassals who paid tributes), intervened with the wars (got land in return), hired natives to fight
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British Imperialism
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British East India Trading co. made of investors, not part of the gov't , Meddled in local princes' affairs (rhajah) to get trade, Used rivalries to gain power, Hired sepoys, Battle of Plassy (British defeat French and Indian rivals), Robert Clive, used natives as spies and soldiers
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Types of Imperialism
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settlement colony, dependant colony, sphere of influence, annexation, trade concession, protectorate,empire
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When and where did the 2nd age of imperialism take place?
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Asia, Africa, Ottoman Empire/ Middle East, Pacific region in the 1800s
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Causes of Imperialism
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army, navy, better technology, nationalism, natural resources, places to invest (capital), new markets, religion (missionaries), White Man's Burden, Social Darwinism, realpolitik
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results of imperialism
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cultural diffusion (many ex. in India), colonies (Scramble for Africa, Rhodes), spread of ideas (Christianity) and technology, industrialism increased, missenigation, slavery declined, Lonely Native Syndrome
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first colony to gain independence in South America
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Haiti (L'Ouveturre) => inspired other slaves, lower classes and made upper classes (creoles)nervous
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Independence leaders in S. America
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L' Ouveturre (Haiti) San Martin (Argentina, Chile, Peru) Bolivar (Venezuela, Colombia, Equador) Hidalgo, Morelos, Idurbide (Mexico) Dom Pedro (Brazil)
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Overall results of S. American independence
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all countries became republics EXCEPT Brazil, slavery abolished almost everywhere (not Brazil), large provinces formed, rise of caudillos, Federalists vs. Centralists, issue of Church power
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Monroe Doctrine
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Europe could not imperialize Latin America, England could enforce and got benefits
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Mexican- American War
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US annexed Texas (Manifest Destiny = the desire to rule from coast to coast, right from God) , Santa Anna fought US troops and lost, USA got 1/2 Mexican territory but only 5% of the population b/c of the Treaty of Guadelupe- Hidalgo
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Argentina
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Federalists- ranchers supported,CONSERVATIVE Centralists- LIBERAL, supported education and immigration, Republic after ferderalist system
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Society ideas based on where?
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Europe/ Enlightenment
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Spanish- American War
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conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for indepedence
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Reform under Mahmud II
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built secret army that successfuly killed janissaries, started Tanzimat Reforms
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Problems with janissaries
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overpaid => too much gov't spending, powerful, could depose sultan, too many got paid for doing nothing
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Western influence and its effects
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increased w. trade harmed local artistans but helped Christian and Jewish merchants, western goods were cheaper
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Tanzimat Reforms
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1) education based on w. math and science 2) state-run postal and telegraph systems 3) railroads built 4) constitution improved position of religios minority groups 5) treaty with Britain improved trade by removing taxes
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Young Turk Movement
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helped to spread liberal ideas, overthrew sultan who had returned to absolutism
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Egypt and Suez Canal
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Egypt relied on only cotton which made it dependant on world prices, khedives borrowed money from Britain to build canal which they couldn't pay back to the British took possession of the canal
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jihad in the sudan
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Achmad/ Madhi fought against British and Egyptians, successor to Achmad sets up state w/o drinking, dancing, or foreigners
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Manchu leaders defeat teh Ming
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Nurhaci organized Manchus, overthrow Ming, form Qing, bring back Civil Service exam and Confucianism
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Failure of Civil Service exam
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cheating and favoritism, poor scholars could take test for someone else, examiners could be bribed, people could buy positions
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Opium War
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Commissioner Lin tried to stop the opium trade by destroying the shipments on the dock, Europeans wanted payment but the Chinese refused and thw war began, British defeated China, ended with Treaty of Nanking, Europeans got extraterritoiality, Hong Kong, and became a sphere of influence
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Taiping Rebellion
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land redistribution, liberties for women, universal education and healthcare, scholar-gentry attacked, gov't responded w/self-strengthening movement (railroads, factories, modernized army)
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Boxer Rebellion
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led by students and military officers against foreigners and the Qing gov't
