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Venus Figurines

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Figurines based on women/female form with exaggerated body parts (hips, buttocks, breasts).

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Dreamtime

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Expressed through stories and ceremonies, which recount the beginning of everything.

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Clovis Culture

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One of the earliest North American widespread cultures. At Clovis point, about 13,000 years ago then disappeared around the same time as the theoretical height of the megafaunal extinction.

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Megafaunal Extinction

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The occurrence of large animals going extinct.

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Austronesian Migrations

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3,500 years ago, last point of great human migration (traces back to Southern China etcetera), where people incorporated water travel.

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Original Affluent Society

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Contemporary paleolithic societies were nicknamed this because they wanted/needed so little.

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Shamans

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People believed to be skilled at dealing with the spiritual world.

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Trance Dance

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Shaman performance of ceremonies; shaman enters ______ _____ with the aid of psychoactive drugs.

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Paleolithic Settling Down

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Paleolithic people settling down after the ice-age.

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Gobekli Tepe

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A monumental burial site in Southeastern Turkey, created by hunter/gatherers about 11,600 years ago.

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Fertile Crescent

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The middle east; had part in the development of first civilisations.

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Teosinte

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Ancestor of maize/corn (Central America).

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Diffusion

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Gradual spread of agricultural techniques, animals and plants.

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Bantu Migration

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The movement of Bantu people around 3000 B.C.E., in which the people brought their agriculture/languages with them.

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Ishi

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The last Yahi man, who died of tuberculosis (North American).

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Banpo

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Chinese village that housed probably around 500 people.

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Secondary Products Revolution

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4000 B.C.E., in which a further set of technological advances occurred. Such as the use of animals for milk etcetera.

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Catalhoyuk

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Agricultural village in Southern Turkey, that buried their dead beneath their houses.

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Chiefdoms

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Societal groups governed by chiefs who typically relied on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.

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Pastoral Societies

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Human societies that rely on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location (most prevalent throughout central Asia, Arabian peninsula, and east as well as west Africa).

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Norte Chico

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Is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E.

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Indus Valley

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An early civilization that did NOT generate a state structure. There were NO palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings, or warrior classes.

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Oxus Civilisation

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A major first civilization which emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya River in what is now northern Afghanistan. As well as that, it was an important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange , it faded away about 1700 B.C.E.

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Olmec Civilisation

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An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.

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Uruk

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The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia.

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Mohenjo Daro / Harappa

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Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E.

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.

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Code of Hammurabi

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A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d. 1750 B.C.E.). Despite the name, it is not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order.

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Rise of State

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A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership.

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"Gift of the Nile"

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Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.

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Paneb

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A c. 1300 B.C.E. Egyptian foreman in charge of a crew of tomb workers, whose misdeeds in life were recorded by a rival.

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Quipu

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A series of knotted cords; used extensively by the Inca for accounting purposes. "a complex system of knotted cords in which the color, length, type, and location of knots conveyed mostly numerical meaning."

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Nubia

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A civilisation to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron-working industry by 500 B.C.E.

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Cuneiform

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Wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets representing objects, abstract ideas, sounds, and syllables- used to record economic transactions and is regarded as the world's first written language (other languages such as Babylonian and Assyrian were written with Sumerian script).

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Hieroglyphs

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"Sacred carvings" - a series of signs that denote words and consonants (but not vowels or syllables); used for business and administrative purposes; later used for religious inscriptions, stories, poetry, hymns, and mathematics; for everyday use.

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Ziggurat

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Among the ancient Babylonians & Assyrians, it was a temple of Sumerian origin in the form of a pyramidal tower, consisting of a number of stories and having about the outside a broad ascent winding around the structure, presenting the appearance of a series of terraces.

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Mesopotamia

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"The land between two rivers" the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Oracle Bones

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Pictographs (stylized drawings) with NO phonetic meaning; inscribed on turtle shells or animal bones; used for divination (predicting the future) in the royal court of the Shang dynasty rulers; direct ancestor of contemporary Chinese characters.

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Civilisation

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An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached; those people or nations that have reached such a state; any type of culture, society, etc of a specific place, time or group.

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Persian Empire

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A major empire than extended from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India, flourished from around 550 - 330 B.C.E.

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Susa

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An imperial centre/city of the Persian Empire, that reflected its wealth and power.

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Persepolis

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The ancient capital of the Persian Empire, that literally means "city of Persians". It is located in modern day Iran and reflected the immense wealth & power of the Persian Empire.

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Hellenes

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Term for what the Greeks called themselves "Calling themselves, ____________, the Greeks created a civilization that was distinctive in many ways."

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Aegean Sea

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Body of water between what is now Greece & Turkey.

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Mediterranean Sea

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Major waterway, south of Europe, north of Africa, west of Turkey & Saudi Arabia.

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Athenian Democracy

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Named this due to place being Athens of ancient Greece. It was a radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise (right to vote) and officeholders were chosen by lot.

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Greco-Persian Wars

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TWO major Persian invasions of Greece in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E. (in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea).

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Hellenistic Era

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Period from 323 - 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread wisely in Eurasia and North Africa - in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.

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Alexander the Great

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Alexander III of Macedon (356 - 323 B.C.E.), who was the conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of Northwestern India.

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Augustus

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The great-nephew & adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of Civil War (r. 31 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.). He was the first Roman emperor and shrewdly combined military might, institution-building and lawmaking to become Rome's sole ruler, laying the foundations of the 200-year Pax Romana (Roman Peace).

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Pax Romana

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"Roman Peace"; A term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, esp. in the first and second centuries C.E.

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Qin Shihuangdi

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Literally, "the first emperor from the Qin". He ruled from 221 - 210 B.C.E., and forcibly reunited China. He also established a strong and repressive state.

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Yellow Sea

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Water body off Northeastern China Coast, between Northern China & the Korean Peninsula.

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Trung Trac

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A Vietnamese woman from an aristocratic military family who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt against China around 40 C.E. following the execution of her husband.

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Han Dynasty

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Dynasty that ruled China, 206 B.C.E. - 220 C.E., and created a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.

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Mauryan Empire

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Major empire from 322 - 185 B.C.E., that encompassed most of India.

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Arabian Sea

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Water body west of India, south of Pakistan, and east of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Bay of Bengal

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Body of water to the east of India, south of Bangladesh, and west of Myanmar.

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Ashoka

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Most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire, who ruled 268 - 232 B.C.E. and converted to Buddhism. He tried to rule peacefully AND with tolerance.

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Legalism

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In China during a period of chaos and growing violence (403 - 221 B.C.E.), a hard headed and practical way of thinking emerged, known as ________. Meaning, the apparent solution to China's problems lay in strict rules/laws.

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Shihuangdi

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The "first" emperor of China, during the Qin dynasty (221 - 206 B.C.E.).

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Confucius

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An ambitious man, born into an aristocratic family in the state of Lu (Northern China; 551 - 479 B.C.E.). He spent his life seeking a political position in order to solve China's issues. He never had one howbeit, still left a significant imprint on Eastern Asian societies after his death.

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Analects

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A short book, in which Confucius' students collected his teachings, after his death.

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Confucianism

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The ideology of the Chinese state during the Qin dynasty, to the extent that it almost became synonymous with Chinese culture. It also became central to Chinese education; its ideas based in social harmony through moral example.

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Ban Zhao

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(45 - 116 B.C.E.) Sister to Ban Gu, she was a court historian as well as adviser to the Empress-dowager. She is known for having created the famous work, "Admonitions for Women" (also called, "Lessons for Women").

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Daoism

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A school of thought (associated with Laozi, a sixth century archivist), that held itself upon the notion that withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature was key, as well as the need to make a simple living etcetera.

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Vedas

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An early collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals; compiled by priests (brahmins) and reduced to writing in Sanskrit at around 600 B.C.E.

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Upanishads

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A body of sacred texts that arose from the dissatisfaction towards Brahmins' honesty. It was composed by various anonymous thinkers between 800-400 B.C.E. These texts described and probed at he inner meaning of sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas.

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Siddhartha Gautama

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Was the Indian prince (c. 566 - 486 B.C.E.) who turned ascetic and founded Buddhism.

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Theravada / Mahayana

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_________ was one of the two forms of Buddhism; refers to "The Teaching of the Elders", referred to the Buddha as an immensely wise teacher and model, but not divine; it was championed by monks and nun who withdrew from society to devote themselves to the quest for nirvana. While on the other hand, ________ was one of the two forms of Buddhism, which stressed that help was available to reach enlightenment, the Buddha became something of a god.

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Bhagavad Gita

answer

A great Hindu epic text part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.

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Zoroastrianism

answer

Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.

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Judaism

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The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.

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Greek Rationalism

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A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the word in nonreligious terms.

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Socrates / Plato / Aristotle

answer

________ was an early Greek philosopher who turned rationalism toward questions of human existence; was killed when he refused to go into exile. Meanwhile, _____ was one of the early Greek philosophers who wrote The Republic, a design for a good society. Also, there was _________: a Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

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Jesus of Nazareth

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The prophet/god of Christianity; crucified and resurrected according to the Bible.

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Saint Paul

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Was the first great person to popularize Christianity (first century).

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Church of the East

answer

A theologically and organizationally distinct Christian church based in Syria and Persia but with followers in southern India and Central Asia.

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Perpetua

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Christian convert from northern Africa who, in 203 C.E. who was killed by the Romans for her faith.

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China's Scholar-Gentry Class

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A term used to describe member's of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.

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Wang Mang

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A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 - 23 C.E., noted for his reform movement that included the break-up of large estates.

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Ge Hong

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Born into an upper class family in China during troubled times (283 - 343 C.E.), his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Taoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class.

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Yellow Turban Rebellion

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A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Taoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.

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Caste as Varna

answer

The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia, and is based on an original division of the populace into FOUR inherited classes.

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Caste as Jati

answer

System of social organization in India that evolved into this with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, and became the main cell of social life in India.

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"Ritual Purity" in Indian Social Practice

answer

The Idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. It is seen as important to reach moksha- the ultimate goal.

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Greek and Roman Slavery

answer

In Greece, household service was the most common form. While in Rome, thousands were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations (the system of which Spartacus revolted).

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Spartacus

answer

Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.

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The "Three Obediences"

answer

In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control. First to her father, then to her husband. Finally, to her son.

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Patriarchy

answer

Literally, "rule of the father".

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Patriarchy in China

answer

During the Han dynasty, elite thinking about gender became more lopsided - more clearly defined and linked to an emerging Confucian society.

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Empress Wu

answer

- Patronized scholarship The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690 - 705 C.E.). She worked to elevate the position of women, which provided a backlash of traditional Confucianism.

question

Patriarchy in Athens

answer

Although celebrated for its major expression of democracy and rationalism, its posture toward women was far more restrictive. Women had no role in the government - NOT in the assembly, councils, or juries. In legal matters, they had to be represented by a guardian, and court proceedings did not even refer to them by name, but only as someone's wife or mother.

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Patriarchy in Sparta

answer

Despite its militaristic and far-from-democratic system, women actually enjoyed greater freedoms/ fewer restrictions here in this city-state. Their central task was reproduction - bearing warrior sons. Sports were encouraged - fitness for childbearing/ health. Education was prescribed by the state, and women had more authority at home as men were often at war.

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Aspasia

answer

The common law wife of Pericles, known for their equitable relationship, which was a rarity in Athens. She is also known for being an intelligent and witty conversationalist.

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Pericles

answer

Athens' leading political figure, as well as an influential statesman who presided over Athens' Golden Age. He was married to Aspasia; a marriage considered unique because it was equitable.

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Helots

answer

Sparta (mightiest city-state in Greece), took over small towns surrounding them. Including Messenia. The made people into ______ (state slaves). They were made to work for Spartan citizens such that the Spartans had more free time to train for battle. The ______ outnumbered Spartan citizens 7:1, and were always ready to rebel against Sparta. The only way to keep the _______ in check, was to have a strong army.

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Ecclesiastes

answer

An old Testament book (considered great literature), that generally attributed to King Solomon (son of King David), presenting a despairing view of the essential changelessness and futility of human life.

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King Solomon

answer

King of Israel (r. 971 - 931 B.C.E.), who ruled during the first periodization - before the Classical Age. However, his legacy persists to today. He was the son of David, author of Ecclesiastes, and known for his wisdom.

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Nubian Civilisation

answer

South of Egypt and often fought/traded with the Egyptian civilisation (on one occasion, even conquering it and ruling it for about a century). As Egypt fell under foreign control, the Nubian civilisation came to centre on the southern city of Meroe, where it flourished c. 300 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.

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Meroe

answer

City in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 B.C.E. and 100 C.E.

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Axum

answer

Second wave era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 - 600 C.E.

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"Horn of Africa"

answer

The horn-shaped area of eastern Africa (Eritrea/Ethiopia/Somalia) in which Axum was located.

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Red Sea

answer

Between Arabia and Nubia/Egypt, the Red Sea posed as a popular coastal trade route. Moreover, as Egyptian trade switched from the Nile valley route to the Red Sea, the resources available to Meroe's rulers diminished and its state weakened.

question

Piye

answer

Ruler of Kush (r. 752 - 721 B.C.E.), who conquered Egypt, reuniting it under his rule.

question

Columns of Axum

answer

Dating to about 300 - 500 C.E., when Axum first encountered Christianity, this column (which measures around seventy-nine feet tall) most likely served as funeral monuments for the kingdom's rulers.

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Niger Valley Civilisations

answer

A distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the flood-plain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenno-jeno. It was particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.

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Mesoamerica

answer

A distinct region, bound together by elements of a common culture. Two of which were the Maya Civilisation and the large city of Teotihuacan.

question

Maya Civilisation

answer

A major civilization of Mesoamerica, that flourished from 250 - 900 C.E. It also saw to the creation of the most complete/complex form of writing in the Americas, during its time. As well as the creation of the concept of zero, on its side of the world.

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Teotihuacan

answer

The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000 Seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, that flourished between 300 - 600 C.E. (During which, it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region). Its name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods".

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Chavin

answer

The Andean town that was the centre of a large Peruvian religious movement from about 900 - 200 B.C.E.

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Moche

answer

An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests, that flourished from around 100 - 800 C.E.

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Wari and Tiwanaku

answer

Two states that flourished between 400 - 1000 C.E. in the highlands of modern day Bolivia and Peru. At their height, they possessed urban capitals with populations in the tens of thousands and productive agricultural systems.

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Bantu Expansion

answer

This is the term used to describe the gradual migration of these people from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa. A process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. Agricultural techniques and iron-working technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.

question

Ancestral Veneration as Expressed by the Luba

answer

The art created by the Luba people of Central Africa, represented female ancestors as "keepers of secret royal knowledge" and male rulers often operated in alliance with powerful women -- especially spirit mediums (who were thought to contain the spirit of the king).

question

Chaco Phenomenon

answer

This is the name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860 - 1130 C.E. among the peoples of Chaco Canyon, in what is now northwestern New Mexico. The society is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is unknown.)

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Mound Builders

answer

Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period of 2000 B.C.E. - 1250 C.E.

question

Cahokia

answer

Was the dominant centre of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture. Located near present day St. Louis, Missouri and flourished from about 900-1250 C.E.

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Algonquin and Iroquoian

answer

The peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America, who lacked the sort of linguistic commonality that the Bantu region of Africa used to perfect a measure of cultural unity. Yet even so, they were able to independently develop a modest Agricultural Revolution which gave rise to a regional cultural complex in the U.S., east of the Mississippi.

AP World History Periodization 1-2 Vocabulary: Secondary Products Revolution – Flashcards

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