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AP World History Periodization 1-2 Vocabulary: Secondary Products Revolution – Flashcards 119 terms

Lucas Davies

119 terms

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AP World History Periodization 1-2 Vocabulary: Secondary Products Revolution – Flashcards

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Venus Figurines

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Figurines based on women/female form with exaggerated body parts (hips, buttocks, breasts).

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Dreamtime

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Expressed through stories and ceremonies, which recount the beginning of everything.

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Clovis Culture

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One of the earliest North American widespread cultures. At Clovis point, about 13,000 years ago then disappeared around the same time as the theoretical height of the megafaunal extinction.

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Megafaunal Extinction

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The occurrence of large animals going extinct.

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Austronesian Migrations

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3,500 years ago, last point of great human migration (traces back to Southern China etcetera), where people incorporated water travel.

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Original Affluent Society

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Contemporary paleolithic societies were nicknamed this because they wanted/needed so little.

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Shamans

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People believed to be skilled at dealing with the spiritual world.

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Trance Dance

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Shaman performance of ceremonies; shaman enters ______ _____ with the aid of psychoactive drugs.

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Paleolithic Settling Down

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Paleolithic people settling down after the ice-age.

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Gobekli Tepe

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A monumental burial site in Southeastern Turkey, created by hunter/gatherers about 11,600 years ago.

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Fertile Crescent

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The middle east; had part in the development of first civilisations.

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Teosinte

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Ancestor of maize/corn (Central America).

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Diffusion

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Gradual spread of agricultural techniques, animals and plants.

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Bantu Migration

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The movement of Bantu people around 3000 B.C.E., in which the people brought their agriculture/languages with them.

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Ishi

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The last Yahi man, who died of tuberculosis (North American).

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Banpo

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Chinese village that housed probably around 500 people.

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Secondary Products Revolution

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4000 B.C.E., in which a further set of technological advances occurred. Such as the use of animals for milk etcetera.

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Catalhoyuk

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Agricultural village in Southern Turkey, that buried their dead beneath their houses.

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Chiefdoms

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Societal groups governed by chiefs who typically relied on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.

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Pastoral Societies

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Human societies that rely on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location (most prevalent throughout central Asia, Arabian peninsula, and east as well as west Africa).

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Norte Chico

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Is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E.

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Indus Valley

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An early civilization that did NOT generate a state structure. There were NO palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings, or warrior classes.

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Oxus Civilisation

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A major first civilization which emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya River in what is now northern Afghanistan. As well as that, it was an important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange , it faded away about 1700 B.C.E.

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Olmec Civilisation

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An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.

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Uruk

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The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia.

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Mohenjo Daro / Harappa

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Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E.

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality.

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Code of Hammurabi

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A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d. 1750 B.C.E.). Despite the name, it is not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order.

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Rise of State

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A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership.

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"Gift of the Nile"

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Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible.

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Paneb

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A c. 1300 B.C.E. Egyptian foreman in charge of a crew of tomb workers, whose misdeeds in life were recorded by a rival.

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Quipu

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A series of knotted cords; used extensively by the Inca for accounting purposes. "a complex system of knotted cords in which the color, length, type, and location of knots conveyed mostly numerical meaning."

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Nubia

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A civilisation to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron-working industry by 500 B.C.E.

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Cuneiform

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Wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets representing objects, abstract ideas, sounds, and syllables- used to record economic transactions and is regarded as the world's first written language (other languages such as Babylonian and Assyrian were written with Sumerian script).

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Hieroglyphs

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"Sacred carvings" - a series of signs that denote words and consonants (but not vowels or syllables); used for business and administrative purposes; later used for religious inscriptions, stories, poetry, hymns, and mathematics; for everyday use.

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Ziggurat

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Among the ancient Babylonians & Assyrians, it was a temple of Sumerian origin in the form of a pyramidal tower, consisting of a number of stories and having about the outside a broad ascent winding around the structure, presenting the appearance of a series of terraces.

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Mesopotamia

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"The land between two rivers" the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Oracle Bones

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Pictographs (stylized drawings) with NO phonetic meaning; inscribed on turtle shells or animal bones; used for divination (predicting the future) in the royal court of the Shang dynasty rulers; direct ancestor of contemporary Chinese characters.

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Civilisation

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An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached; those people or nations that have reached such a state; any type of culture, society, etc of a specific place, time or group.

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Persian Empire

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A major empire than extended from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India, flourished from around 550 - 330 B.C.E.

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Susa

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An imperial centre/city of the Persian Empire, that reflected its wealth and power.

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Persepolis

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The ancient capital of the Persian Empire, that literally means "city of Persians". It is located in modern day Iran and reflected the immense wealth & power of the Persian Empire.

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Hellenes

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Term for what the Greeks called themselves "Calling themselves, ____________, the Greeks created a civilization that was distinctive in many ways."

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Aegean Sea

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Body of water between what is now Greece & Turkey.

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Mediterranean Sea

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Major waterway, south of Europe, north of Africa, west of Turkey & Saudi Arabia.

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Athenian Democracy

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Named this due to place being Athens of ancient Greece. It was a radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise (right to vote) and officeholders were chosen by lot.

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Greco-Persian Wars

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TWO major Persian invasions of Greece in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E. (in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea).

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Hellenistic Era

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Period from 323 - 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread wisely in Eurasia and North Africa - in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.

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Alexander the Great

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Alexander III of Macedon (356 - 323 B.C.E.), who was the conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of Northwestern India.

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Augustus

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The great-nephew & adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of Civil War (r. 31 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.). He was the first Roman emperor and shrewdly combined military might, institution-building and lawmaking to become Rome's sole ruler, laying the foundations of the 200-year Pax Romana (Roman Peace).

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Pax Romana

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"Roman Peace"; A term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, esp. in the first and second centuries C.E.

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Qin Shihuangdi

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Literally, "the first emperor from the Qin". He ruled from 221 - 210 B.C.E., and forcibly reunited China. He also established a strong and repressive state.

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Yellow Sea

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Water body off Northeastern China Coast, between Northern China & the Korean Peninsula.

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Trung Trac

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A Vietnamese woman from an aristocratic military family who led an ultimately unsuccessful revolt against China around 40 C.E. following the execution of her husband.

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Han Dynasty

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Dynasty that ruled China, 206 B.C.E. - 220 C.E., and created a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.

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Mauryan Empire

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Major empire from 322 - 185 B.C.E., that encompassed most of India.

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Arabian Sea

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Water body west of India, south of Pakistan, and east of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Bay of Bengal

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Body of water to the east of India, south of Bangladesh, and west of Myanmar.

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Ashoka

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Most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire, who ruled 268 - 232 B.C.E. and converted to Buddhism. He tried to rule peacefully AND with tolerance.

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Legalism

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In China during a period of chaos and growing violence (403 - 221 B.C.E.), a hard headed and practical way of thinking emerged, known as ________. Meaning, the apparent solution to China's problems lay in strict rules/laws.

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Shihuangdi

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The "first" emperor of China, during the Qin dynasty (221 - 206 B.C.E.).

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Confucius

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An ambitious man, born into an aristocratic family in the state of Lu (Northern China; 551 - 479 B.C.E.). He spent his life seeking a political position in order to solve China's issues. He never had one howbeit, still left a significant imprint on Eastern Asian societies after his death.

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Analects

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A short book, in which Confucius' students collected his teachings, after his death.

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Confucianism

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The ideology of the Chinese state during the Qin dynasty, to the extent that it almost became synonymous with Chinese culture. It also became central to Chinese education; its ideas based in social harmony through moral example.

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Ban Zhao

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(45 - 116 B.C.E.) Sister to Ban Gu, she was a court historian as well as adviser to the Empress-dowager. She is known for having created the famous work, "Admonitions for Women" (also called, "Lessons for Women").

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Daoism

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A school of thought (associated with Laozi, a sixth century archivist), that held itself upon the notion that withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature was key, as well as the need to make a simple living etcetera.

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Vedas

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An early collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals; compiled by priests (brahmins) and reduced to writing in Sanskrit at around 600 B.C.E.

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Upanishads

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A body of sacred texts that arose from the dissatisfaction towards Brahmins' honesty. It was composed by various anonymous thinkers between 800-400 B.C.E. These texts described and probed at he inner meaning of sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas.

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Siddhartha Gautama

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Was the Indian prince (c. 566 - 486 B.C.E.) who turned ascetic and founded Buddhism.

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Theravada / Mahayana

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_________ was one of the two forms of Buddhism; refers to "The Teaching of the Elders", referred to the Buddha as an immensely wise teacher and model, but not divine; it was championed by monks and nun who withdrew from society to devote themselves to the quest for nirvana. While on the other hand, ________ was one of the two forms of Buddhism, which stressed that help was available to reach enlightenment, the Buddha became something of a god.

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Bhagavad Gita

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A great Hindu epic text part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.

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Zoroastrianism

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Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.

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Judaism

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The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.

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Greek Rationalism

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A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the word in nonreligious terms.

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Socrates / Plato / Aristotle

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________ was an early Greek philosopher who turned rationalism toward questions of human existence; was killed when he refused to go into exile. Meanwhile, _____ was one of the early Greek philosophers who wrote The Republic, a design for a good society. Also, there was _________: a Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

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Jesus of Nazareth

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The prophet/god of Christianity; crucified and resurrected according to the Bible.

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Saint Paul

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Was the first great person to popularize Christianity (first century).

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Church of the East

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A theologically and organizationally distinct Christian church based in Syria and Persia but with followers in southern India and Central Asia.

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Perpetua

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Christian convert from northern Africa who, in 203 C.E. who was killed by the Romans for her faith.

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China's Scholar-Gentry Class

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A term used to describe member's of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.

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Wang Mang

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A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 - 23 C.E., noted for his reform movement that included the break-up of large estates.

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Ge Hong

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Born into an upper class family in China during troubled times (283 - 343 C.E.), his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Taoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class.

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Yellow Turban Rebellion

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A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Taoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.

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Caste as Varna

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The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia, and is based on an original division of the populace into FOUR inherited classes.

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Caste as Jati

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System of social organization in India that evolved into this with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, and became the main cell of social life in India.

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"Ritual Purity" in Indian Social Practice

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The Idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods. It is seen as important to reach moksha- the ultimate goal.

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Greek and Roman Slavery

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In Greece, household service was the most common form. While in Rome, thousands were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations (the system of which Spartacus revolted).

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Spartacus

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Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.

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The "Three Obediences"

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In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control. First to her father, then to her husband. Finally, to her son.

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Patriarchy

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Literally, "rule of the father".

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Patriarchy in China

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During the Han dynasty, elite thinking about gender became more lopsided - more clearly defined and linked to an emerging Confucian society.

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Empress Wu

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- Patronized scholarship The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690 - 705 C.E.). She worked to elevate the position of women, which provided a backlash of traditional Confucianism.

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Patriarchy in Athens

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Although celebrated for its major expression of democracy and rationalism, its posture toward women was far more restrictive. Women had no role in the government - NOT in the assembly, councils, or juries. In legal matters, they had to be represented by a guardian, and court proceedings did not even refer to them by name, but only as someone's wife or mother.

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Patriarchy in Sparta

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Despite its militaristic and far-from-democratic system, women actually enjoyed greater freedoms/ fewer restrictions here in this city-state. Their central task was reproduction - bearing warrior sons. Sports were encouraged - fitness for childbearing/ health. Education was prescribed by the state, and women had more authority at home as men were often at war.

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Aspasia

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The common law wife of Pericles, known for their equitable relationship, which was a rarity in Athens. She is also known for being an intelligent and witty conversationalist.

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Pericles

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Athens' leading political figure, as well as an influential statesman who presided over Athens' Golden Age. He was married to Aspasia; a marriage considered unique because it was equitable.

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Helots

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Sparta (mightiest city-state in Greece), took over small towns surrounding them. Including Messenia. The made people into ______ (state slaves). They were made to work for Spartan citizens such that the Spartans had more free time to train for battle. The ______ outnumbered Spartan citizens 7:1, and were always ready to rebel against Sparta. The only way to keep the _______ in check, was to have a strong army.

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Ecclesiastes

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An old Testament book (considered great literature), that generally attributed to King Solomon (son of King David), presenting a despairing view of the essential changelessness and futility of human life.

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King Solomon

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King of Israel (r. 971 - 931 B.C.E.), who ruled during the first periodization - before the Classical Age. However, his legacy persists to today. He was the son of David, author of Ecclesiastes, and known for his wisdom.

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Nubian Civilisation

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South of Egypt and often fought/traded with the Egyptian civilisation (on one occasion, even conquering it and ruling it for about a century). As Egypt fell under foreign control, the Nubian civilisation came to centre on the southern city of Meroe, where it flourished c. 300 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.

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Meroe

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City in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 B.C.E. and 100 C.E.

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Axum

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Second wave era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 - 600 C.E.

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"Horn of Africa"

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The horn-shaped area of eastern Africa (Eritrea/Ethiopia/Somalia) in which Axum was located.

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Red Sea

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Between Arabia and Nubia/Egypt, the Red Sea posed as a popular coastal trade route. Moreover, as Egyptian trade switched from the Nile valley route to the Red Sea, the resources available to Meroe's rulers diminished and its state weakened.

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Piye

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Ruler of Kush (r. 752 - 721 B.C.E.), who conquered Egypt, reuniting it under his rule.

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Columns of Axum

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Dating to about 300 - 500 C.E., when Axum first encountered Christianity, this column (which measures around seventy-nine feet tall) most likely served as funeral monuments for the kingdom's rulers.

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Niger Valley Civilisations

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A distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the flood-plain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenno-jeno. It was particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.

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Mesoamerica

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A distinct region, bound together by elements of a common culture. Two of which were the Maya Civilisation and the large city of Teotihuacan.

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Maya Civilisation

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A major civilization of Mesoamerica, that flourished from 250 - 900 C.E. It also saw to the creation of the most complete/complex form of writing in the Americas, during its time. As well as the creation of the concept of zero, on its side of the world.

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Teotihuacan

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The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000 Seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, that flourished between 300 - 600 C.E. (During which, it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region). Its name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods".

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Chavin

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The Andean town that was the centre of a large Peruvian religious movement from about 900 - 200 B.C.E.

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Moche

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An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests, that flourished from around 100 - 800 C.E.

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Wari and Tiwanaku

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Two states that flourished between 400 - 1000 C.E. in the highlands of modern day Bolivia and Peru. At their height, they possessed urban capitals with populations in the tens of thousands and productive agricultural systems.

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Bantu Expansion

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This is the term used to describe the gradual migration of these people from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa. A process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. Agricultural techniques and iron-working technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.

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Ancestral Veneration as Expressed by the Luba

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The art created by the Luba people of Central Africa, represented female ancestors as "keepers of secret royal knowledge" and male rulers often operated in alliance with powerful women -- especially spirit mediums (who were thought to contain the spirit of the king).

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Chaco Phenomenon

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This is the name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860 - 1130 C.E. among the peoples of Chaco Canyon, in what is now northwestern New Mexico. The society is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is unknown.)

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Mound Builders

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Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period of 2000 B.C.E. - 1250 C.E.

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Cahokia

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Was the dominant centre of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture. Located near present day St. Louis, Missouri and flourished from about 900-1250 C.E.

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Algonquin and Iroquoian

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The peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America, who lacked the sort of linguistic commonality that the Bantu region of Africa used to perfect a measure of cultural unity. Yet even so, they were able to independently develop a modest Agricultural Revolution which gave rise to a regional cultural complex in the U.S., east of the Mississippi.

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Africa AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Central America World History

HONORS WORLD HISTORY: Module 3 (Africa) – Flashcards 88 terms

Elizabeth Hill

88 terms

Preview

HONORS WORLD HISTORY: Module 3 (Africa) – Flashcards

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Griot

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a West African word for a person who plays music and tells the legends, myths, and stories of a people

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Inland Delta

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At the middle point of the Niger River. Floods almost every year during its wet season. Near the border of the inland delta is the town of Djenne. This area helps people have the resources to survive. The inland Delta provides fishing, water to grow crops, and land for animals to graze.

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Sahel

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The Sahel consists of desert and semi-arid land. By 1000 BCE, people had established settlements in the western Sahel. Starting in 400 CE, cities began to appear. Around 500 BCE, the people of the region also learned how to forge iron, and they began making tools and weapons. At some point horses were introduced into the area. The stage was set for conquest and the growth of great civilizations

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Sahara

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largest in the world and one of the hottest and driest deserts.

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How did trade help lead to the rise of the Sudanic States?

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Trade is the real reason for the development and rise of the great West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, and for this reason they are often referred to as the trading states, or trade kingdoms.

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Ivory Coast

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a section of coastal western Africa along the Gulf of Guinea corresponding to present-day Côte d'Ivoire; it was named for the large quantities of ivory traded there in pre-colonial times

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Gold Coast

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a section of coastal western Africa along the Gulf of Guinea that corresponds to present-day Ghana

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Malinke people

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also known as Mandinke, is a large ethnic group in West Africa that became the known as the Mali Empire

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Sundiata

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the founder of the Mali Empire, organized many of the Mandé chiefs to fight a rival, the Soso Kingdom; reconquered lost Ghana territory and re-established the gold and salt trade.

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Niani

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capital of Mali Empire, near Bure gold fields on the present-day border between Mali and Guinea.

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Dyula

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a local merchant class who were all Muslims. There were Dyula merchants during the Ghana Empire, but they rose to their height during the Mali Empire. The Dyula spread throughout the region of West Sudan. They established their own trading settlements and helped spread Islam as well as trade throughout the region.

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Mansa Musa

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came to power in 1312 and was a king of Mali went on pilgrimage to Mecca, brought back an Arab architect, Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who changed the way the people of Mali built their homes.

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Timbuktu

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a city of central Mali near the Niger River northeast of Bamako, City of The Great Mosque, and a center of learning

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What led to the decline of the Mali Empire?

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Invaders from outside, civil wars over succession (patrilineal)

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Sunni Ali the Great

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founder of the Songhai empire, led the Songhai in conquering the cities of Mema and Timbuktu

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Early African cultures: Nok

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developed along Niger river where it joins Benue river in what is now Nigeria. Existed from 900BCE to 200CE and is known for beautiful figurines made out of clay. Some believe it evolved into the Yoruba civilization because of the styles of art are so similar.

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Early African cultures: Djenné-Djeno

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located in the inland delta in what is now Mali. It grew from a small settlement founded around 200BCE to a major city by 850CE. Traded for copper, gold, and bronze, made pottery iron tools built circular mud brick buildings. It began to decline 1000 CE abandoned by 1400 CE. After it was abandoned, new city called Djenne was started and became a center for Islamic learning, just like Timbuktu.

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Why did western Sahel become an important trading area?

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large amounts of gold, which was a world-wide currency markets that had supplies that traders and travelers needed on their journeys. Middlemen earned profitable trade and kings taxed items for income salt and gold trade across the Sahara

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Social and political characteristics of Ghana empire?

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Social: used iron for weapons and art; horses for military; animistsists Political: matrilineal succession

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Why was the city of Timbuktu of great importance?

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Important in the trans-Saharan trade. A center of learning. Ultimately, scholars from all over the Muslim world came to Timbuktu to study.

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How was Songhai similar to other West African civilizations that came before it?

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Suffered from many battles over succession, just like Mali. In Songhai, the brothers of the king often tried to depose him; in turn, some kings tried to protect themselves by killing all their brothers.

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Songhai class structure?

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Kings and Nobility : kings and his family + lower, local nobles Freemen: citizens--Muslim clerics, craftspeople, griots, and artists. Slaves and War Captives: either high or low position in society; remained on their land and farmed it because that was how they could best serve the kingdom.

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Ghana empire: characteristics

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Soninke people; traded gold and salt; Kumbi Saleh was the capitol; matrilineal succession

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Mali empire: characteristics

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mandinke people; traded gold and salt; great mosque of timbuktu; patrilineal succession; mansa musa was greatest leader; capitol was located at Niani

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Songhai empire: characteristics

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Songhai people; traded gold and salt; Sunni Ali the Great; patrilineal succession; Gao was capitol

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Punt people (D'mt kingdom)

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origin of most Eastern and Northern African civilizations; around 2000 BCE, people of the upper Nile and Southwest Asia migrated along coast of Red Sea and settled at Horn of Africa. It blended a pastoral and agricultural lifestyle, farmed, herded livestock; it established D'mt (Da'maat) kingdom, which began to trade with interior Africa and merchants from Arabian Peninsula. 300BCE—D'mt had lost control over port cities that had begun to amass their own wealth and power.

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Bantu people

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migration from between Niger and Benue valleys, around 2000 BCE, brought with them knowledge of iron-working, agricultural techniques, and culture and language to Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa.

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Meroe (Eastern Africa)

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590BCE, people from North moved capital farther south to city of Meroe. Their influence declined as nearby city-states gained power. In 4th century CE, they were destroyed by Aksum

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Funj (Eastern Africa)

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6th century, Axum declined, and 3 new kingdoms arose in Nubia. Byzantines brought Christianity to region, Arabs seized control of them and spread Islam to the area. 1 century later, Funj emerged and defeated Arabs and established African sultanate. Never as stable as other kingdoms. 19th century CE—taken by Egypt.

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Axum (Eastern Africa)

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1st century CE, Asum became wealthiest Red Sea trade city and most influential market city in Ethiopian coast. 3rd CE, extended power over region and grown to conquer neighboring lands. Its position between African, Asian, and Mediterranean trade routes made it powerful. 4th CE, Missionaries bring Christianity, 320 CE, King Ezana became first Christian king of Africa. Thrived into 6th century CE, when Sassanid Persians overran Arabia and rolled back Axum's influence there. 7th CE—Axum cut off from sea trade by Arabs.

question

Ethiopia (Eastern Africa)

answer

Agew people emerged and filled vacuum of power of Axum. United Ethiopian areas in 12th and 13th CE. Zagwe emperor Lalibela became known for establishing Christian kindom in 12th century. 1270 CE Shewa ruler Yekuno Amlak led rebellion that established solomonic dynasty that would rule Ethiopia into modern age. King Solomon and Queen of Sheba. Faced threats from Muslims and Portugese and resisted both.

question

Oromo (Eastern Africa)

answer

pushing out of southern bush country in search of better lands. Oromo began raiding neighboring lands looking for resources in 13th cent. Pushed north and west into area ruled by Zagwe and Solomonids. Great deal of territory by 17th cent. Traded coffee.

question

Great Zimbabwe (Southern Africa)

answer

Bantu migrations result in growth of interior cities in S Africa, including this one. Traded goods along rivers to cities in Indian coast. Rise in wealth = new elite that ruled from 11th to 15th CE. Relied on cattle herding and agriculture as well. City and kingdom became known for stone architecture and pottery. Declined in 15th CE.

question

Mwenamutapa (Southern Africa)

answer

dominated lands between Limpopo and Zambezi rivers and controlled trade there, ruled by kinds Mwene Mutapa. Kingdom became knows by same title. Shone people formed kingdom began acquiring power in 14th CE and ruled 3 centuries. Their rise = prince from Great Zimbabwe in search of salt resources. Succumbed to Portugese in 17th CE.

question

Kongo (Central Africa)

answer

2000 BCE onward, Bantu spread and blended local inhabitants. 1000 CE people south of rainforests not only farmers, but also miners. Specialized in ceramics, patterned textiles, salt. Trade in raffia cloth brought wealth and new class rule kingdom of kongo. Empire with several territories under one rule of Lukeni lua Nimi in 1390 CE. Forged ties with Portuguese through trade and Christianity in 1480.

question

Lunda and Luba (Central Africa)

answer

traded with Arabs on Indian coast and Portuguese. Survived well into 18th CE

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Swahili (South-eastern Africa)

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"of the coast" in Arabic. Powerful markets for arab and Indian merchants and native African populations from Bantu. Blending of Bantu language with Arabic resulted in Swahili and region was Swahili coast. Islam becomes predominant. Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Kilwa most prominent cities along coast. 1498 Portuguese conquered the region.

question

Bunyoro-Kitara

answer

great lakes of Africa-Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Albert and others. 14th and 15th CE, Tutsi and Maasai came. Kindom rose to control, but smaller kingdoms controlled by this one too such as Buganda and Rwanda; control of rich salt.

question

What resources helped Africans build the early kingdoms of East, Central, and South Africa?

answer

The waters within and around Africa made possible not only human migration and farming but also trade. These rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans served as major arteries that connected Africans with others. Through seafaring trade, merchants brought valuable goods that increased the wealth of African peoples who would rise to become kings and emperors. They also brought Christianity, Islam, and their own political interests. Arabs and Persians would help found the city-states of the Swahili Coast, and the Portuguese would prove the first of a series of European invaders that would forever change the face of Africa.

question

1270 CE

answer

Yikunno-Amlak, possibly a descendent of the Aksum people, founds the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. His grandson Amda Seyon would extend the borders of Ethiopia and would demand greater rights for Christians in neighboring Muslim kingdoms such as Egypt

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11th century:

answer

Arab traders found Mombasa

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14th century

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The ruler of the Bantu-speaking Ganda people, who lived along Lake Victoria, centralizes power and begins the kingdom of Buganda.

question

Examples of social changes?

answer

by 1000 CE, fortified hilltop towns emerged among cattle-herding people whose elites began commanding stone constructions 2000 BCE--Bantu speaking peoples of Niger and Bhenu River valleys migrate into east, central, and s. africa

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Examples of political change?

answer

wealth from trade helped an African nobility emerge and establish rule over powerful city-states

question

Examples of religious change?

answer

4th century: Christian missionaries travel to East Africa. In 1000, Ethiopian king Lalibela built 11 churches 10th century onward: Arab merchants spread Islam along Swahili coast and help establish Muslim sultanate at Kilwa

question

Examples of economic change?

answer

by 1325, Great Zimbabwe is center of Gold trade from 1000 onward, cities along swahili coast thrive from trade with Arab, Chinese, Persian, and Indian merchants Lunda and Luba gain wealth and power through salt trading

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Beringia

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Ancient land-bridge between what is now Alaska and Siberia; it was submerged beneath water and the Bering Strait formed

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Pre-columbian

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history of the Americas before Columbus landed in 1492

question

What is a mother culture? What were the mother cultures of the later Aztec, Mayan, and Incan civilizations?

answer

Olmec, Nazca, and other Mesoamerican and Andean cultures including the Zapotec, Chavin, and Moche

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Mesoamerica

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a region defined by cultural similarities of indigenous populations and extends from central Mexico through most of Central America. Aztecs and Mayans are most famous in this region but were not first.

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The Olmec civilization, social, political, religious, economic

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Social: 1200-400BCE, did not leave a rich written record except for glyphs found on stone carvings that let us know they were polytheistic; called Olmecatl (rubber people) because they used rubber trees to make rubber. They were technologically advanced. Massive carved stone heads = portraits of rulers, La Venta--built in alignment with a major constellation/star; had knowledge in astronomy Political: had great influence on nearby cultures--this is seen through their artifacts. San Larenzo and La Venta were major towns and are now archeological sites Economic: vast trading network Religious: polytheistic, as many as 10 gods in this case

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The Zapotec civilization, social, political, religious, economic

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Social: developed in Oaxaca, Southern Mexico. Modern form = Mixtec, In 700s BCE, Zapotec construct city at Monte Alban. Included pyramids, tombs, ball field. Inhabitants had a written calendar and language. Most who live in Oaxaca are farmers or craftsmen and speak several dialects of Zapotec . Political: Settlements at Monte Alban flourished from 300 to 900 CE. Largest and most important center in Mesoamerica. Religious: Original myths and traditions remain to today, but after Spanish conquest, Zapotec practice Roman Catholicism. Economic: dependence on farming and crafting, possible trade between Olmec and later civilizations

question

Describe the region of the Andes civilizations

answer

Andes mountains = in modern Peru, always abundant natural resources. Long wet season = + agriculture, many river valleys = fertile and fish = plentiful; Terrace farming developed in Andes around 4000 years ago because of mountains. Terrace farming is creating steps on mountains

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Chavin, Andes Civilization

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900-200BCE Social: much of what remains is preserved at Chavin de Huantar, an archeological site, where stone ruins built in the mountain demonstrate high lvl of organization of culture. Temples show that Chavin understood drainage. To prevent floods, built complex drain that kept temple dry. Advanced culture. Political: dominated much of central coast of Peru, but influenced northern and southern regions too; brought first political unification in region and united local groups with common religion + culture. Religious: polytheistic, worshiped many deities, part animists Economic: unknown

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Nazca, Andes Civilization

answer

200 BCE to 600 CE; southern coastal Peru after Chavin. large-scale geological art (Nazca lines) hundreds of feet long and wide, size had led some to speculate about their possible inventions, still matter of debate as to exact use of the lines. Also pottery, recognizable and attractive. Polychrome, meaing once piece decorated w/ several diff colors. Images = people + animals, also angular, bold and modern-looking.

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Moche, Andes Civilization

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400 BCE to 800 CE; contemporary form of Nazca Social: ruins of Moche Valley home to Moche Temple of the Moon and Temple of the Sun. area surrounding temples = site of a large Moche city. Most surviving artifacts are from elite class, significantly taller than average. Indicates they much better fed than average Moche. Complex irrigation system allowed grow beans, maize (corn), and other crops. Metalworking and pottery = impressive, decorated realistic images from daily life. Some are mundane, others dramatic. Some Moche pottery shows people ritually consuming the blood of sacrificed prisoners Detail from a mural in the Temple of the Moon has been named the Decapitator, who frequently appears in imagery relating to human sacrifice and can be found on Moche murals and pottery all over their territory. Political: northern coastal peru w/ Ecuador's border

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Mayans: Social, Religious, Political, Economic

answer

Social: 20 + elaborate cities, at empire's height = 2million people. Accomplishments include written language, sculpture, architectural monuments such as stone pyramids (temple at Tikal). Cities included temples, monuments, pyramids, ball fields, plazas, and palaces. Large stone for structures. Developed math system much easier to use. Symbols constructed out of symbols and lines. Illiterates could do arithmetic because of this Religious: Religious rituals were a major focus of Mayan life. Some involved torture and human sacrifice. Others were more light-hearted. Developed calendars, sophisticated glyph system—Zapotec influence Astronomy, believed world goes through continuous creation and destruction Political: 250-900CE (Mayan Classic Period) it stretched across S. Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize. Economic: trade, Tikal - trading center, Cacao beans were once used as money, bartered jade, cotton, animal skin, feathers (macaw) Trade - vast area

question

Aztecs: Social, Religious, Political, Economic

answer

Social: 1325-1519 CE. Tenochtitlan; great farmers Origin = northern mexico hunter gatherers. Nahuatl = language. Highly sophisticated irrigation and agricultural techniques allowed the Aztecs to farm every inch of their available land. Lots of water and marsh around Tenochtitlan. Chinampas: converted most of the lake into farmland. Tenochtitlan became"Venice of Americas". Elites lived in large stone homes and regularly ate food imported from other parts of empire. Individual could rise in social class through personal success. Bottom: indentured servants + slaves craft specialization. Most people in city = craftsmen, priests, warriors, administrators, or merchants. Calpulli = city states Religious: Aztecs worshipped Sun, one fear was that it would not rise and kill their crops + bring darkness. To ensure the daily reappearance, they offered grand scale sacrifices to the sun. They brought back their foes to sacrifice Political: 15th century--Itzcóatl formed alliances with neighboring groups and, through trade and war, quickly established a strong and broad empire.Hernan Cortes took ninth Aztec emperor Moctezuma II and threw him in prison, where he then died. Spanish battled for control over Tenochtitlan and 1 year following Moctezuma's death, Aztec empire fell. Economic: craft and artisan guilds;

question

Inca: Social, Religious, Political, Economic

answer

Social: Strict social classes. Top: emperor known as the Sapa Inca, bottom: farmers, lower classes: paid taxes, pyhiscal work for empire; descendants comprise much of Peru, speaking Quechua and practicing Incan-flavored Catholicism. Religious: pyramids and mummies, pyramids used for religious purposes, mummification preserved dead, in 2002 CE, thousands uncovered by archaeologists, many = children showing high child mortality rate. Polytheistic. Sapa Inca = considered god, religion involved nature gods and human sacrifice. When Catholic Spanish conquered, they destroyed most of symbols of their religion. Political: Influenced by Spanish. Warlike nation. Numbered 5,000,000 began as a small group, established capital at Cuzco in 12th CE. 14th century CE—expanding and conquering neighboring groups. Ethnic groups were separated to prevent rebellion and large populations forced to move to different ethnic group's area. Cuzco = capital. Economic: Incas demanded tax of labor from conquered populations. Tax could be paid with military service, construction work, or agricultural work. It was this organized and intensive system of labor that allowed the Incas to complete massive construction projects. Remarkable engineering. Extensive system of roads: relay system, runners brought messages from one part to another. Messages were encoded on knotted lengths of string called quipu.

question

Writing System: Mayans, Aztec, Inca

answer

Mayans: complex writing system w/ hieroglyphs Aztec: pictures to represent objects and ideas, but different pictures than Mayans Inca: spoke Quechua w/o writing system; records kept with quipu

question

Religion: Mayans, Aztec, Inca

answer

Mayans: 160+ gods and goddesses, each representing element of nature. Religious calender of 260 days, solar calender of 365 days. Human sacrifices. Aztec: hundreds of gods and goddesses, each ruling a different part of nature. Religious and solar calenders. Human sacrifices. Inca: many gods, but ruling family prayed to sun god. Religious calenders were not as important, as they practiced divination to determine when to do various activities. Human sacrifices were less frequent.

question

Public Works: Mayans, Aztec, Inca

answer

All: roads, buildings, canals Mayans: stelae with carved records, important dates and events of rulers. Emphasized to public their importance. Aztec: built chinampas (fields above surface of the lake anchored by tree roots) Inca: complex, paved road system of 14k miles, suspension bridges

question

Economics: Mayans, Aztec, Inca

answer

All: corn, extensive trade networks Mayans: canals in swampy areas to drain land and use unearthed soil for raised fields Aztec: Inca: terraces in hillsides, less erosion

question

Politics: Mayans, Aztec, Inca

answer

Mayans: city-states, each ruled by a king that served head of government, military, and religion. Each king had a court, followers, and was advised by a council. Kings often acted as diplomats. City-state structuring prevented Mayan unification. Aztec: single leader ruled and supported by advisory council. divided empire into provinces, each having a capital and ruled by a governor who collected taxes. Inca: single leader ruled and supported by advising council. Formed complex bureaucracy that included emperor, 4 officials, and governor for 80 provinces. Mita--commoner called upon for public service, in return his family and land are taken care of

question

Pacal the Great

answer

He ruled for 67 years and asummed throne through his mother. Created a program that built many great buildings around capital of Palenque.

question

Moctezuma I

answer

built dams to control flooding built aqueduct for fresh water supply increased human sacrifice after the plague expanded territories reorganized gov. to give himself control formed the triple alliance

question

Huayna Capac

answer

Built city of Tumibamda as 2nd capital Divided his empire Chicken-pox expanded into South and North His sons split the empire after he died

question

What is true about historians' knowledge of the Aztecs?

answer

...

question

What even led to the downfall of the Aztecs and the Inca?

answer

the Spanish reconquest of Iberia

question

What represents evidence that the Maya were influenced by the Olmec civilization that preceded them?

answer

ball courts in Mayan ruins, a written language in glyphs, etc.

question

How did Pacal the Great change the rules of succession in the Mayan civilization?

answer

He set the precedent for rule to be passed down through a female relation.

question

The main economic basis of the Empire of Mali was derived from the agricultural production of the rural areas. However, the main economic activity that has been preserved in the record is of gold production. What accounts for this disparity?

answer

...

question

Which describes the status of priests in pre-Columbian civilizations?

answer

...

question

Which of the following gives evidence of continuity across cultures in pre-Columbian Meso and South America?

answer

The Olmec and Maya demonstrated an interest in astronomy.

question

What explains why Morocco decided to invade Songhai?

answer

Morocco wanted control of the Trans-Saharan gold trade.

question

Which of the following contributed to the fall of Ghana?

answer

conflicts with the Berbers

question

What does this image (mask of animal) suggest about the Chavin civilization?

answer

The Chavin included human and animal motifs in their art.

question

In addition to bringing goods, how did the trans-Sahara trade routes influence the culture of Ghana?

answer

The trade routes brought Muslims who introduced Islam.

question

The Mayan calendars showed an influence from which other culture?

answer

Zapotecs

question

What influenced the development of both Aztec and Mayan calendars?

answer

astronomy

question

The Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza, the largest of its kind in Mesoamerica, is flanked by temples to the north and south and has temples built into its east and west walls. What does this imply about the role of pok a tok in Mayan culture?

answer

Pok a tok had an important religious aspect in addition to its role as a sport.

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Incan economy?

answer

mita, centrally-planned economy

question

What place did craftspeople hold in the Muslim social hierarchy?

answer

Freemen

question

Which of the following is true of the people of Songhai?

answer

Some were Muslims and some practiced traditional religions of the region.

question

Which of the following has helped historians learn about the Inca empire?

answer

the ruins of Machu Picchu

question

While the Chavin and the Nazca inhabited the same area, how did their settlement locations differ?

answer

The Chavin settled the highlands while the Nazca settled the valleys.

question

What is true of the Solomonic Dynasty of Ethiopia?

answer

It resisted takeover from Muslim and Portuguese invaders.

question

What did special religious observances in both the Aztec and Spanish calendars provide for people?

answer

fun and entertainment

STUDY

AP United States History AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples History of Europe Social Studies World History

SRA 6-1: The Early Middle Ages – Flashcards 11 terms

Henry Smith

11 terms

Preview

SRA 6-1: The Early Middle Ages – Flashcards

question

Why were the rivers of Europe important?

answer

travel trade allowed different cultures to develop protection

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Why were the mountains of Europe important?

answer

protection allowed different cultures to develop

question

After Rome fell, Western Europe was divided into what?

answer

It was divided into many different kingdoms.

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What are names of Germanic tribes in "Europe" (what used to be the Roman Empire)?

answer

Angles & Saxons Sueves Visigoths Burgundians

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Why did the Clovis become Catholic?

answer

He became Catholic to gain the support of the Romans living in his kingdom.

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Why did the Franks become Catholic?

answer

The Franks became Catholic because Clovis converted to Catholicism.

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What people conquered Spain in A.D. 711?

answer

The Muslims conquered Spain in A.D. 711

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What battle helped Christianity remain Europe's major religion?

answer

The Battle of Tours helped Christianity remain Europe's major religion.

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Who was crowned the "new" Roman emperor in A.D. 800?

answer

Charlemagne was crowned the "new" Roman emperor in A.D. 800.

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Why was the new Roman emperor concerned about his crowning by the pope?

answer

He was concerned because he didn't want people to think that the pope had the power to crown emperors.

question

Where did the Vikings come from?

answer

The Vikings came from Scandinavia.

STUDY

AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples History of Europe Later Middle Ages Modern World History World History

Honors World History_medieval Europe Hierarchy Rulers – Flashcards 141 terms

Carol Rushing

141 terms

Preview

Honors World History_medieval Europe Hierarchy Rulers – Flashcards

question

Europe's economic changes during the Medieval Era were due to...

answer

the exposure to new peoples during the Crusades, the exposure to new goods overseas, and the establishment of guilds back home

question

Dark Ages

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the old-fashioned way to refer to the centuries between the decline of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. This time period is considered dark because it was less culturally vibrant than the subsequent eras.

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Middle Ages

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the currently accepted way to refer to the era between the decline of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance

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De-urbanization

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decrease in the urban population as a result of economic or social changes

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Manorialism

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the system under which a peasant was made entirely dependent on the land and his lord

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Three-field-system

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innovation of the Middle Ages in which one-third of the farmland was left fallow, or un-planted, each season. The remaining fields were split between early and late crops, resulting in two harvests. This helped prevent famine by ensuring a back-up crop in case one harvest failed.

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Lingua Franca

answer

a common language used for international commerce

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Feudalism

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wealthy noblemen who controlled land exchanged protection for the military service or labor of their serfs or servants.

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Indulgences

answer

religious services sold by the Catholic church for money.

question

Fiefs

answer

tracts of land that powerful people leased to less powerful people. A fief included a manor or castle at the center, smaller homes for the laborers who lived there, land for farming, woods, and streams for fishing. Fiefs were similar to plantations found in the American South during the period of slavery.

question

Social Class in the Feudal system

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King: inherited ultimate control over the lands of his kingdom Nobility: lords or barons, who were granted large areas of land to control as they wished; expected to pay taxes to the king and to provide knights who would fight in the king's military Vassals: Those who leased land from a lord and pledged fealty; obliged to protect the lord's lands. Many vassals were knights, members of a trained warrior class, who also served in the king's army in international wars. In return for his allegiance, a vassal was granted a fief. Peasants/Serfs: Peasants and serfs were the toiling classes. They worked the land and performed the labor required to keep the system functioning. Poor and uneducated, lived and worked on the land of nobles. Economic backbone of the society. Couldn't leave land without permission.

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Primogeniture

answer

a system under which land and titles were inherited by the eldest son (or other male heir)

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Dowry

answer

money or property offered to the potential husband of a daughter

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Accolade

answer

a method of conferring knighthood in which the lord taps the new knight on the shoulder with the flat of a sword

question

Chivalry

answer

a code of conduct for knights, which dictated honorable behavior

question

Process of becoming a knight

answer

8YRS OLD: boy is sent to a castle to become a page, a student and servant of an experienced knight. His training went on for many years, and it wasn't just in how to fight; it was also in such things as horsemanship, reading, singing, chess, and the art of falconry. ADOLESCENCE: become a squire, bearing weapons for a professional knight. When the young man had proven himself and had amassed the funds necessary to purchase his equipment, he would be knighted.

question

What was at the center of society in the Medieval Ages?

answer

religion--Christianity

question

Social class of Church

answer

1. God 2. Pope 3. Bishop 4. Piests 5. Believers

question

Parish

answer

a small territorial unit typically having its own church and a priest or pastor

question

Who was responsible for the founding of Europe's greatest Universities?

answer

the Catholic Church

question

Tithing

answer

the practice of giving 10% of annual income to the Church

question

How did the idea of feudalism emerge as an historical construct?

answer

Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries were the first people to describe medieval land use as feudalism. These historians were influenced by contemporary scientific efforts to organize the natural world. Historians focused on common trends in the political arrangements of the Middle Ages. They developed the concept of feudalism and applied it to the Middle Ages after the fact.

question

Types of Serfs

answer

TENANTS: Paid for the use of the lord's land, but otherwise were not bound to the land or obligated to any other duties. VILLEINS: orked land on behalf of their lord; very little freedom. Legal status was that of a slave. Did not receive wages. Had to ask his lord for permission to marry or to travel, and was subject to the lord's laws and taxes. Could not be bought and sold between lords. Was legally little more than property. If the entire estate was sold, the villeins went with it. SHARECROPPERS: serfs who owed most of their produce to the lord as a fee for use of the land

question

What options did a second son have as a career in medieval society?

answer

• Serve as a squire • Apprenticeship • Join the Church as a priest or monk

question

In what way were women tied to the fate of their men?

answer

money involved in a woman's dowry came with her into a marriage, it was not her own money and she herself could not inherit from her parents. Had to marry to secure their position.

question

How did the importance of knights change over time?

answer

Knights followed a code of conduct called chivalry--dictated honorable behavior for a warrior. Over the course of the Middle Ages, this code also came to be associated with Christianity. The ideal knightly behavior included protecting and respecting the Church, respecting one's lord, and helping the weak and the poor By the end of the Middle Ages, the bulk of the military consisted of mercenary soldiers, or warriors for hire, with the minority of knights now an officer class

question

How did the Church in the medieval period gain wealth?

answer

Lords and ladies supported the church with income from manor lands, and often paid the wages of priests, as well Another source of wealth was the Crusades. These holy wars brought gold, treasure, and innovations into Western Christendom. Wealthy nobles also paid to have beautiful funeral monuments made and to have prayers and masses said for the souls of their family members after death

question

The Early Middle Ages lasted from...

answer

500-1000CE

question

The Late Middle Ages lasted from...

answer

1300-1500CE

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The High Middle Ages lasted from...

answer

1000-1300CE

question

What were the three kinds of enemies of the Roman Empire?

answer

1. thoughtful, organized, and powerful Persians who kept the Romans occupied in the East. Rome's resources were being deliberately drawn to the East under constant warfare. 2. Barbarian Germans and Celtics from the Northwest of Europe. They had settled in Roman Empire, moved out, and now attacked it. 3. Nomads--great warrior confederacies that sprang up and attacked people of central Asia and China, Persia, and sometimes Rome

question

Who were the Franks?

answer

a group of Germanic peoples that first arose along the Rhine River in the 3rd century and grew to occupy Gaul (France)

question

Who were the Angles and Saxons?

answer

a group of Germanic peoples that emerged from the north central Europe circa 2nd century who conquered and settled in the British Isles in the 5th century

question

Merovingian

answer

referring to a line Frankish kings beginning with Clovis I in 481 CE though having its roots in earlier tribal leaders

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Clovis I

answer

a Merovingian ruler who united most of the Franks under his rule in the late 5th century His attempt at building his own united empire fell apart. When he died, his four sons each took a piece of the kingdom.

question

Charles Mantel

answer

military leader among the Franks who served and advised the Merovingian rulers and assumed most duties of leadership between 737 and 743 CE

question

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

answer

Charles Mantel's grandson; powerful king who united the Franks and conquered neighboring lands, forming the basis of what would become the Holy Roman Empire and earning the title Emperor of the West from Pope Leo III in 801; he implemented feudalism on a large scale

question

Carolingian

answer

line of Frankish kings descending from Charles Martel that officially began with Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, in 747

question

Land Grant

answer

gift of land made by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty, service, and taxes

question

Extent of the Frankish empire?

answer

Gaul, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Italy

question

What was the significance of the crowning of Charlemagne in 800 CE by Pope Leo III?

answer

the Pope gained a defender of Italy. Also, by performing the action of crowning the emperor, he put the Church in the superior position. Having given this title to the king, the Church reserved the right to take it back. The Church had made Charlemagne the Emperor, and yet at the same time undermined his power by confirming itself—the Church—as the true decision-maker.

question

What cultural advances did Charlemagne make?

answer

built schools, sponsoedr artistic and literary works, issued money, encouraged trade, and spread his faith

question

Who were the Vikings? What areas did they conquer?

answer

group of Norse warriors, explorers, and merchants who emerged from Scandinavia in the late 8th century. Raided eastern and eestern Europe. They even ventured across the Atlantic Ocean, reaching first Iceland, then Greenland, and finally North America.

question

Where did the Vikings emerge from? What are their roots?

answer

descended from Germanic people in the North and are rooted in what is now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

question

Where did the Vikings settle?

answer

Rus (Russia) and British Isles; Lindisfame, the Holy Island, off the English coast

question

What are the Vikings' influences in Europe?

answer

their mythology, craftsmanship, literature, and seafaring skill became a part of the European inheritance

question

What was the "Divine Right of Kings"?

answer

kings derive their authority from God, not their subjects. Just as God has granted spiritual power to the Pope, he has granted secular/political power to Europe's kings

question

Pope Gregory I

answer

*led Church from 6th to 7th century. *emphasized devotion and missionary work. *His reforms solidified division between Catholic and East Orthodox Church. *Worked to make peace with and among Germanic kingdoms

question

Alfred the Great

answer

*Ruled over Anglo-Saxon England during the 9th century. *Drove back onslaught of Viking Danes & reorganized government and military. *Codified English laws

question

Otto I

answer

*unified feudal kingdoms of Germany under his rule. *Gained loyalty of Vassals and Dukes and took control of the fragmented Italian states and neighboring lands. *Pushed back Hungarians. *Granted power to Church authorities to weaken power of dukes. Religious leaders swore allegiance to Otto.

question

William the Conquerer

answer

*led a powerful force across English channel into England *Became King of England *reigned 22 years *stronger central rule on English shires

question

Pope Benedict IX

answer

*refused papal seat and agreed to a deal with Pope Gregory VII to let him be pope *this was labelled simony *Henry III forced Gregory to step down, new pope appointed who makes further laws against simony

question

Henry IV/Pope Gregory VII

answer

Henry IV: King of Germany, papal authorities saw a way to assert power over lay rulers and declared that the Catholic cardinals would select the pope. 1075, Pope Gregory declared that only cardinals would select pope, Henry objected, was excommunicated, and apologized

question

Pope Urban II

answer

*calls on European Lords to launch crusades *increases Pope's power

question

Dioceses/Archdioceses

answer

parishes under the religious guidance of the bishop/archbishop

question

Monasticism

answer

a system in which religious figures take special oaths and live together in group homes known as monasteries

question

Friar

answer

monk or member of religious order who disavows property and fulfills monastic service by traveling abroad and preaching

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Canon Law

answer

doctrines recorded by early Church fathers and then by councils of bishops and various popes. The doctrines gave order over the Church and laid out a structure of hierarchy and decided important matters of faith and gave shape to Church rituals and other practices

question

How did Charlemagne act as a champion of the church

answer

expanded Christian influence as he expanded empire. believed that as a king, he should work to strengthen Church; issued reforms and appointed bishops

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What were the powers of the Church?

answer

*excommunication *controlled great deal of land and wealth *held keys to Heaven

question

How were monasteries financed?

answer

through farming and charitable contributions gifts by peasants who believed they could ensure their salvation religious weddings earned money

question

How did European culture flourish in the Middle Ages?

answer

*Monks studied language, mathematics, music, and other subjects and arts and began schooling others in their realms. *Monks doubled as artisans/scribes; Book of Kells *copying of ancient texts (preservation) *convents gave women opportunity to learn crafts *stained glass windows, tapestries, other works *epics, troubadours

question

Book of Kells

answer

an illuminated manuscript written by the Celtic monks that contains New Testament of Bible, including 4 Gospels, which recount the life of Jesus

question

What was the significance of stained glass?

answer

passed on religious and other teachings to illiterate peasants of Europe

question

Troubadours

answer

poet musicians who specialized in performance of long poems and songs about chivalry and romance

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Gothic

answer

referring to a style of architecture that arose in France; it is characterized by pointed arches and vaulted celings

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Thomas Aquinas

answer

monk who contributed to scholarship during 13th century. He applied reason to questions about religion.

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Notre Dame

answer

a functional center of religious worship with stunning Gothic architecture constructed during 12th century

question

Events of early Middle Ages

answer

• Germanic rulers set up fragmented kingdoms that are constantly at war. • Charlemagne unites Franks under one rule and starts feudal system based on fealty. The Holy Roman Empire rises. • The Vikings conduct raids across much of Europe but slowly adopt Christianity and blend with other European kingdoms. • Christianity spreads through missionaries to Germanic tribes, helping to restore order and peace.

question

Events of High Middle Ages

answer

• Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV has a dispute with the Pope over investing bishops. • William the Conqueror captures control of England and begins Norman rule there, resulting in a blending of Anglo-Saxon and French culture. • Monastic schools encourage learning. Monks produce illuminated manuscripts and other fine arts. • Feudalism and manorialism give structure to European society and government.

question

What is Scholasticism?

answer

the blending of Greek and Roman philosophies with Christian ideas

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Holy Land

answer

the region in Southwest Asia that makes up modern Israel and neighboring lands, including the city of Jerusalem, and is considered sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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Pilgrim

answer

one who travels to a holy shrine or sacred site, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

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Infidel

answer

an unbeliever, with regards to a specific religion, often used to describe those who oppose or do not believe in Christianity

question

1095

answer

Alexus I appealed to Pope Urban II for help in defending the Byzantine Empire. The Pope called for the Council of Clermont in France and declared the need for military expedition to retake the Holy Land.

question

People's Crusade 1096

answer

a French monk named Peter the Hermit pulled together a disorganized army of peasants and soldiers with his fiery sermons. Together, they plunged eastward toward Constantinople.

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Holy Roman Empire

answer

an empire of lands in Central Europe, largely comprising what is now Germany, that existed from 962 to 1806

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Holy Order

answer

also known as military orders, Christian societies of knights founded to support the Crusades and defend Christian lands and pilgrims and for which members took religious vows.

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Crusader States

answer

a number of feudal states or kingdoms, beginning with Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem, established by European Christian lords in Southwest Asia during the Crusades

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Battle at Hattin

answer

Hattin is important because this is where Saladin establishes himself as a military genius. It is Hattin and the Fall of Hattin that really opens up and turns around the Crusades.

question

Children's Crusade 1212

answer

based on expeditions led by two youths from Europe to reclaim the Holy Land

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Impact of the Crusades

answer

*contributed to the construction of many European castles and missions and gave more power to the Church *contributed to opening up trade in a number of ways. Christian pilgrimage routes were reopened, the use of coin currency increased, and Europeans developed an increased interest in the spice trade and East Asia. *the exchange that occurred during the Crusades facilitated the spread of Islamic math and science. This exposed Europeans to improvements in navigation techniques. These advancements, in turn, helped to usher in Europe's Age of Exploration and led to nearly five centuries of European cultural and economic dominance. *contributed to the breakdown of the feudal system of power in Europe

question

William Tyre

answer

Christian cleric and scholar raised in Jerusalem who recorded the events of the early Crusades

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Ibn-Al-Qalanisi

answer

Arab Muslim scholar and official of Damascus who recorded the events of the First Crusade in The Damascus Chronicles

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First Crusade 1096-1099

answer

Godfrey of Bouillon and other French Lords marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. They battled isolated Turkic forces, and Godfrey's brother Baldwin stopped to set up the first Crusader State at Edessa. Crusaders captured Antioch. On Godfrey's death, Baldwin left Edessa and became the first king of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although many stayed behind to defend European rule of the Holy Land, most of the Crusaders who had survived the expedition returned home

question

Second Crusade 1147-1149

answer

When Muslim forces regrouped and attacked Edessa, three Holy Orders-the Teutonic Knights, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Knights Templar-rode forth under the banner of the Second Crusade. They did not go alone. This time, the fervor of the Crusades reached to the highest levels of Europe. Two monarchs, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany, pledged themselves to the cause and led armies to the Holy Land. Crusaders turned their sights on Damascus, rather than Edessa, and their poorly organized attack resulted in failure. Again, many Crusaders returned home, while those who remained focused on defending the Kingdom of Jerusalem while Muslim forces became more powerful and encircled them.

question

Third Crusade 1187-1192

answer

When Saladin's forces took Jerusalem in the 12th century, the call went out across Europe to launch another crusade. Three kings came forward-Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Phillip II of France, and King Richard I, later known as Richard the Lionheart, of England. Frederick Barbarossa died along the way, and Phillip returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in 1191. Only Richard the Lionheart remained to lead the Christian armies. He led many campaigns against Jerusalem and struck up a curious relationship with his foe, Saladin, in the process. He failed to retake the city.

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Fourth Crusade 1202-1204

answer

In 1198, Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade, more out of a desire to elevate the papacy than in response to events in the Holy Land. Failed to rouse any monarchs. Led largely by French knights, the Crusade set out for the Holy Land in 1202 only to be distracted by Venetian lords who convinced them to capture the wealth and splendor of Eastern Orthodox Constantinople instead. So, rather than retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule, the Fourth Crusade sacked the capital of the Byzantine Empire, a Christian city.

question

Fall of Acre 1291 Significance

answer

It was the end of the story. It was the last major enclave to fall. End of crusades.

question

Culture and Art: Early Middle Ages 500-1000 CE

answer

Illumination Hildegard of Bingen Romanesque Architecture Book of Kells Arthurian Legends Gregorian Chant Stained Glass

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Culture and Art: High Middle Ages 1000-1300 CE

answer

Oxford University Troubadours Gothic Architecture

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Culture and Art: Late Middle Ages 1300-1500 CE

answer

Giotto Canterbury Tales The Plague Perarch Boccaccio The Divine Comedy

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Humanism

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a Renaissance cultural movement that moved away from medieval schools of thought and created a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought

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Petrarch

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known as the father of humanism and remembered for his Italian poetry

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Boccacicio

answer

author of the highly popular Decameron in which he collected a great many stories about life in medieval Italy

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DAnte Alighieri

answer

wrote The Divine Comedy, an epic poem composed of many dialects. Today he is known as "The Father of the Italian Language" and "The Supreme Poet."

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Scholastica

answer

Benedict's twin sister. The two siblings often discussed spiritual matters. Both of them have been deemed saints by the Roman Catholic Church.

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Benedict of Nursia

answer

most influential monk of early Middle Ages, famous for his Benedictine Rule. One of his biggest contributions was to emphasize communal living, saying that no monk could own anything, no matter how small. Promoted obedience, silence, and poverty.

question

What does Benedict's Rule do?

answer

establishes a balance between work, prayer, and study for monks.

question

What role did Monks play during Middle Ages?

answer

They copied ancient and Christian texts by hand. Painted colorful decorations on margins of pages to create illuminated manuscripts. Some influenced the Christian monastic practice.

question

Polyphonic music vs. homophonic music?

answer

Poly: music that has all voices singing the same rhythm but on different notes. Homo: music in which all voices sing together, without harmony

question

Hildegard of Bingen

answer

a German mystic, abbess, and composer of the 12th century. As one of the few prominent women in Church history, Hildegard and her work have received a large amount of attention.

question

Gregorian Chant

answer

sacred homophonic music

question

Why did the Catholic church build grand cathedrals during Middle Ages?

answer

Because they wanted people to have places to worship. As monastic communities grew in size, churches needed to expand to accommodate large numbers of worshipers and visitors.

question

Cantenbury Tales

answer

one of the first poems in English language, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1300s.

question

How did Painting techniques change through Middle Ages?

answer

The European Renaissance revived the use of perspective in paintings, the use of frescoes was developed by Giotto, who's work became the framework for Modern European painting. Celtic themes influenced art, such as the use of intricate motifs, braids, metalworking, and illusions. Byzantine work with icons painted on wood influenced. Islam contributed its mosaics and calligraphy.

question

Gothic Architecture

answer

soaring to sky large, stained glass windows very tall pointed arches elaborate decoration gargoyles/carvings

question

Romanesque Architecture

answer

tower few windows impression of grounded on earth small windows rounded arches and walls thick stone walls

question

Beowulf

answer

epic poem composed between the 8th and 11th centuries by an unknown author, in the language of Old English, telling the story of the Scandinavian hero Beowulf. It is considered one of the most important works of the English language.

question

Frescoes

answer

mural paintings using watercolors on plaster and walls

question

Giotto

answer

father of modern European painting

question

Ferdinand and Isabella

answer

Their marriage unified the Iberian Peninsula religiously, linguistically, and nationally took away some of the privileges that the nobles enjoyed in order to consolidate power. They also sent their own royal officials to govern towns and set up special courts that would punish criminals.

question

Henry II of England

answer

He set up common laws and lessened the power of nobles by forcing them to pledge loyalty to him.

question

William the Conquerer

answer

A Norman king who attacked England in 1066 and used feudal system to control nobles, claiming all the land of England as his.

question

King John

answer

employed unfair taxes; forced to sign Magna Carta

question

Philip IV of France

answer

1302—established Estates-General: a legislative body in France made up of the different classes of French subjects

question

Magna Carta

answer

a contract between the English King and the nobles that limited the power of the king; limited king's power of taxation and required trials before punishment. Led to the formation of modern Parliaments because it equalized social classes (peasants who were king's closest advisers would go to meetings or work on the law with lords/barons).

question

Changes in Parliament

answer

later divided into two groups: the House of Lords, made up of nobles and clergy, and the House of Commons where knights and townspeople met

question

Hundred Year's war

answer

England still controlled a small part of southwest France. France's kings were becoming more powerful, and even with the connection between them and the line of French kings in England, they wanted the English out of France completely. Then in 1337, the situation grew worse when the English king Edward II declared himself king of France.

question

Joan of Arc

answer

Joan felt that the angels were telling her that she must save France. To do this, she sought out the French dauphin Charles and told him that God had sent her to help him win the war against the English. She led the attack against the English army and, in just ten days, successfully dislodged the English and freed the city of Orleans and became a symbol of the unification of France and played a key role in helping France regain a national identity because everyone could identify with her and with their newly-strengthened country.

question

Great Schism

answer

After the pope's death, Philip decided to move the official office of the pope from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. This had the effect of putting the pope under Philip's control. Now people all over Europe believed that the Church was simply a puppet for the French king. Ultimately, when another pope was elected in Rome, the Catholic Church was faced with the reality of having two popes in two different cities. This is what is meant by the Great Schism.

question

Reconquista

answer

the Spanish name for the centuries-long Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

question

How did the monarchs in Europe respond the decline of feudalism?

answer

As feudalism began to unravel, monarchs started to gobble up the small feudal towns and provinces into larger kingdoms. More land meant more power for these monarchs. Stronger monarchs would help to begin the process of creating national identities for England, France, and Spain.

question

Effects of Norman invasion?

answer

resistance from English elite—he was able to use feudal system to control English nobles and keep them from revolting. He claimed ownership of all England's land. The invasion changed the course of English history and contributed to development of unified nation. Norman kings levied taxes. His great-grandson, Henry II, forced English nobals to pledge loyalty and used law to centralize his power and establish common laws that applied to everyone. They took control of criminal proceedings out of hands of local lords. Led to Magna Carta.

question

Why was the narrative of the Spanish reconquest such a powerful unifying theme in Spain?

answer

This popular story had the effect of blending the identity of being Spanish with the identity of being Catholic.

question

Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE):

answer

the most important model for the Japanese in creating a centralized government. At this time, China was ruled by a divine monarch who sat atop an enormous government bureaucracy. In Tang China, a high-class aristocracy ruled from a central capital city. The large bureaucracy that was created employed Chinese men who passed difficult civil service exams that tested their knowledge of the teachings of Confucius

question

Shinto

answer

form of polytheistic nature worship that had guided Japanese for centuries

question

Hierarchy of Japan

answer

Shogun: title applied to the chief military commanders in Medieval Japan Daimyo: Great feudal warlord, vassal of the shogun. Lords of their lands. The land and all that it and its resident peasants produced could be used by the daimyo at his discretion. Some daimyo gained great wealth from the crops and goods produced by their serf-like peasants. A portion of these goods was sent to the shogun. A small amount was left to keep the Japanese peasants alive. Samurai : Warrior vassals who were very loyal to their clan or shogun. The number and quality of their samurai determined how powerful and successful warrior clans were. The typical samurai of this time was a mounted warrior highly skilled in archery. Some samurai helped to develop crafts among their peasants.

question

Fujiwara Regency 9th century

answer

Politics: leaders of this clan became high-ranking officials in government. Though they were not emperors, their power was such that they effectively ruled the nation; dictators Arts: patrons of the arts, both literature and painting flourished during this period. Women were vital to blossoming of Japan's arts. Aristocratic Japanese women were taught reading and writing Japanese, but not Chinese because that was reserved for political leaders who were all men. Poetry evolved in japan. Tanka is like haiku with rigid form and set numbers of syllables making up each of its 5-7lines. Paintings also flourished. Yamato-e paintings depicted life and people of Japanese court, Buddhist monasteries, and monks.

question

Kamakura Period

answer

a time of exceptional cultural innovation. Increased trade with China brought Japan new wealth as well as new materials and products.

question

Why was the Heian period an important part of the political history of Japan?

answer

Emperor Kammu in the 9th century developed the role of the shogun as military leader; a relatively peaceful time

question

What did Minamoto Yoritomo do?

answer

most powerful leader in Japan. Established rule of the warrior as administrative authority in Japan. Bakufu, which literally means "tent government," derives from the field headquarters used by warrior generals during times of conflict. Bakufu became the established form of government in Japan. It was military governance by independent warlords, each in his fiefdom, and it shaped feudalism in Japan.

question

Bushido Code

answer

Rectitude Courage Honesty Benevolence Honor Respect Loyalty

question

Why was the population of Japan more receptive to Zen Buddhism?

answer

European missionaries came offering trade if they converted; They longed for a simpler and more direct teaching. Zen Buddhism addressed their need for a Buddhist practice that focused on personal experience. Zen teaches that enlightenment can be realized by anyone who makes the effort to achieve perfect concentration and awareness that is detached from worldly distractions. Zen thus opened a type of "salvation" to the peasant and the lord equally.

question

How did the Mongol invasions affect the way Japan viewed outsiders?

answer

Genghis Khan and his son's combined efforts with China in the 13th century led attacks on Japan that failed. Even though many, if not most, of the Chinese soldiers who fought with the Mongols did so under compulsion, the Japanese deeply resented the Chinese for siding with the invading Mongols. A new period of isolationism began in Japan

question

Why did power-sharing not work in Japan?

answer

Power-sharing often causes problems Emperor Go-Daigo (1318-39 CE) decided that he wanted total power for his court, and the system broke down. When Go-Daigo tried to undermine the bakufu system, civil war erupted. Clans joined forces to overthrow the monarch. At first, the clans were defeated by the emperor's forces. But another civil war—lasting from 1336 to 1392 CE—finally drove Go-Daigo from power. The rebellion's leading shogun, Ashikaga, became the leader of Japan

question

Ashikaga Period (1392-1573 CE):

answer

notable for the dominance of bakufu. Whereas previous shogun allowed the imperial court to have at least some authority, the Ashikaga shogunate stripped the imperial government of its remaining power. Despite political unrest, trade with China flourished in the second half of the Ashikaga period. Villages grew into modest cities. Fish, rice, salt, and manufactured goods were traded in growing market towns. Some daimyo became a type of merchant class.

question

Onin War (1467-77 CE)

answer

capital city of Kyoto was destroyed, essentially ending the national authority of bakufu. The power vacuum created by this decade-long war tipped Japan into another period of chaos. A fierce struggle for land and power ensued.

question

Why did Hideyoshi decide to invade Korea?

answer

He saw China as a rival, so he attempted to invade Korea to gain access to China and defeat the Chinese

question

Tokugawa Shogunate

answer

Exile of christians, kabuki theater, and Hideyoshi's campaigns

question

Noh Theater

answer

Noh (which means "skill") is one of the oldest forms of theater in the world. It is strict to the extreme. The actors are masked. Their movements are highly constrained, but each movement is prescribed and precise. The aristocrats who attended Noh performances knew the "story" behind the performance. The beauty of Noh was in its power as a cultural and historical metaphor.

STUDY

AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Civil Service Examinations Global Climate Change Land Use World Civilizations World History

APWH Chapter 8- Early Civilizations in Africa 50 terms

Marguerite Castillo

50 terms

Preview

APWH Chapter 8- Early Civilizations in Africa

question

The northern area of Africa, from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, is composed of the greatest desert on earth, the

answer

C. Sahara.

question

The great river that dominates the western region of Africa, the so-called \"hump of Africa,\" is the

answer

B. Niger

question

Karl Mauch found the ruins of

answer

C. Great Zimbabwe

question

The African country in which prehistoric predecessors of human beings probably first lived in

answer

B. Kenya

question

If one traveled south from the grasslands of central Africa, one would reach the region of

answer

D. some of the world's richest deposits of minerals.

question

Which of the following is not a valid observation about the ancient civilization of the Kush?

answer

C. It spread its empire to the north by driving the Romans out of Egypt.

question

The ancient civilization that was located in the highlands of what is known today as Ethiopia was

answer

D. Axum.

question

Axum was

answer

B. originally a colony of the Kingdom of Sheba in the Arabian Peninsula

question

A unique aspect of the ancient Ethiopian civilization was the fact that

answer

B. it adopted the form of Christianity practiced in Egypt.

question

The vast grasslands that border the great desert region of the Sahara are known as

answer

C. savannahs.

question

Which of the following statements about the Sahara Desert is true?

answer

C. At one point in time, before it began to dry out, it was an area that was green and flourishing with life.

question

The nomadic mountain-dwellers of North Africa, who served as trade intermediaries for the great trans-Saharan commerce were the

answer

D. Berbers.

question

The great iron-working culture of northern Nigeria was the

answer

A. Nok

question

The following were true about the trans-Saharan caravan trade except

answer

D. it brought the first islamic traders to central Africa in the first century B.C.E.

question

The family of languages spoken by people who inhabit the region of Central Africa south of the Sahara desert is

answer

D. Bantu

question

East African trade

answer

B. provided a lively, ocean-going commercial intercourse with civilizations far to the east.

question

Malayan traders and settlers

answer

B. May have introduced yams and bananas to Africa.

question

A Malay settlement was established on the island of

answer

A. Madagascar.

question

In southern Africa,

answer

A. an integration of Khoisan and Bantu-speaking peoples took place

question

All of the following statements about the arrival of Islam in Africa are true except

answer

D. Berber resistance blocked Arab expansion to the westward continental limits until after 1200

question

The Ethiopian Christian Dynasty which experienced a long-lasting conflict with African Muslims, was the

answer

C. Zagwe

question

Zanj

answer

E. both a and d

question

Which of the following is a true statement about Swahili?

answer

B. As a language, it employed Bantu grammar and Arabic linguistic terms

question

The original reason for the rise of the kingdom of Ghana was

answer

C. the middleman role it played in the gold trade between its neighbors who produced it and the Moroccans who distributed it to the Mediterranean world.

question

Islam in Africa

answer

D. none of the above

question

The Kingdom of Ghana

answer

B. exported gold, leather goods, slaves, and ostrich feathers.

question

In regard to state building in West Africa, it can be said that

answer

A. Ghana was the first great commercial state there.

question

The kingdom of Mali

answer

C. maintained a very active pro-islamic policy under Mansa Musa

question

The local chieftan of a Mali farming village was called a

answer

A. mansa

question

Which of the following states developed in the souther half of Africa?

answer

A. Luba

question

All of the following was true about the souther African state of Zimbabwe except

answer

B. it played no significant role in the gold trade with the Swahili states to the east.

question

In regard to the urban life of African towns, it can be said that

answer

B. they usually developed from smaller, fortified walled villages.

question

The San

answer

D. were often described as \"bushmen\" by later Europeans

question

The lowest and most basic level of African social groupings was the

answer

C. nuclear family.

question

Which of the following statements accurately depicts the nature of the African lineage group?

answer

A. It was similar in many respects to the clan in China

question

Social practices typical to many African societies included

answer

D. both b and c

question

Slavery in Africa

answer

B. was an ancient practice that used people for a range of tasks, including military service, agricultural and construction labor, and for domestic and royal servants.

question

Before Islam developed in Africa,

answer

B. many religions believed that human life had two stages, one earthly and the other \"external.\"

question

Which of the following was not true about the spread of Islam in Africa?

answer

B. it interfered with the efforts of African rulers to strengthen their power.

question

African art

answer

D. includes the impressively crafted, mortrarless structures at Great Zimbabwe

question

There are San rock paintings discovered in Africa that depict illustrations of ritual ceremonies directed by the village shamans to

answer

A. induce rain

question

In addition to woodcarvings, other major African artistic contributions have been

answer

E. Saharan aqueducts at Aswan

question

Bronze heads sculptures and relief plaques depicting West African court life were created in

answer

A. Benin

question

Music in African societies

answer

C. employed various musical instruments, including the harp, bells and the xylophone.

question

African music

answer

C. produced a totality of music in its combination of voice and instrument sounds.

question

Which of the following is the earliest form of surviving architecture found in Africa?

answer

B. the pyramids of Egypt

question

African culture

answer

A. is notable for its incorporation of bards to retain and spread communal history and religious beliefs.

question

The distinctively carved stone pillars, used to mark the tombs of Axum kings, are known as

answer

A. stelae.

question

Which of the following is a true statement about African building materials during the first millennium of the common era?

answer

A. Stone was increasingly used in West Africa beginning in the first millennium C.E.

question

Recent archeological and anthropological discoveries have shown that

answer

B. African societies were much more involved in worldwide developments of human history than had previously been believed.

STUDY

4th Century Bce AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Yellow Turban Rebellion

AP World Chapter 5 13 terms

Matthew Carle

13 terms

Preview

AP World Chapter 5

question

Yellow Turban Rebellion

answer

A massive Chinese peasant uprising by Daoist teachings that began in 184B.C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony

question

Wang Mang

answer

A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8C.E to 23C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates

question

the \"three obediences\"

answer

In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son

question

Spartacus

answer

A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history

question

\"ritual purity\" in Indian social practice

answer

The idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.

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Pericles

answer

A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens, he presided over Athen's Golden Age

question

helots

answer

The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society

question

Greek and Roman slavery

answer

In the Greek and Roman world, slaves were captives from war and piracy, abandoned children, and the victims of long-distance trade; manumission was common. Among the Greeks, household service was the most common form of slavery, but in parts of the Roman State, thousands of slaves were employed under brutal conditions in the mines and on great plantations

question

Ge Hong

answer

Born into an upper class family in China during troubled time, his efforts to balance Confucian service to society and his own desire to pursue a more solitary and interior life in the Daoist tradition reflected the situation of many in his class

question

Empress Wu

answer

The only female emperor in Chinese history, she patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective

question

China's scholar-gentry class

answer

A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials

question

Caste as varna and jati

answer

The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes (varna), with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation (jatis), which became the main cell of social life in India

question

Aspasia

answer

A foreign woman resident in Athens who was famed for her learning and wit. She was the partner of the statesman Pericles, who worked to extend the rights of Athenian citizens

STUDY

Bantu Speaking Peoples History of Africa Western Civilization World Civilizations

Chapter 8: Early Africa – Flashcards 41 terms

Claire Scott

41 terms

Preview

Chapter 8: Early Africa – Flashcards

question

Sahara Desert

answer

northern sea of Africa from Atlantic to the Indian Oceans is composed of...

question

Niger River

answer

river that dominates the Western region of Africa, "hump of Africa"

question

Great Zimbabwe

answer

Karl Mauch found the ruins of...

question

Kenya

answer

African country in which prehistoric human beings first lived

question

minerals

answer

located in the grasslands of central Africa, world's richest deposits of...

question

Axum

answer

ancient civilization that was located in the highlands of what is known today as Ethiopia

question

Kingdom of Saba

answer

axum was originally a colony of...

question

Ethiopian civilization

answer

unique aspect was that it adopted the form of Christianity practiced in Egypt

question

savannahs

answer

grasslands that border the great desert region of the Sahara

question

Sahara Desert was...

answer

green before it dried out

question

Berbers

answer

nomadic mountain dwellers of North Africa who served as trade intermediaries for the great trans-Saharan commerce

question

Nok people

answer

great iron-working culture of northern Nigeria

question

Bantu

answer

family of languages spoken by people who inhabit the region of Central Africa south of the Sahara Desert

question

East African trade

answer

provided lively, ocean-going commercial intercouirse with civilizations far to the east

question

malayan traders and settlers

answer

may have introduced yams and bananas to Africa

question

Madagascar

answer

malay settlement established on the island of...

question

Khoisan and Bantu

answer

south african intergration of these languages

question

Zagwe

answer

Ethiopian Christian dynastythat experienced long conflict with African-muslims was the...

question

Zanj; Pemba,Kilwa, Mombassa

answer

had a large majority of residents from the perian gulf and arabian peninsula, included the cities of _____,_____,_____

question

Swahili

answer

as a language, employed Bantu grammar and Arabic linguistic terms

question

Ghana

answer

Reason for the rise of this kingdom was the middleman role it played in the gold trade

question

Kingdom of Ghana

answer

Exported gold, leather goods, slaves, and ostrich feathers

question

Mali

answer

First great commercial state in West Africa

question

Mansa Mansu

answer

Maintained Mali under a pro-Islam policy

question

Mansa

answer

Local chieftain of a Mali farming village

question

Luba

answer

State that developed in the southern half of Africa

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Urban life of Africa

answer

Developed from smaller, fortified walled villages

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San

answer

Described as "bushmen" by later Europeans

question

Nuclear family

answer

Lowest and most basic level of African social groupings

question

African village life

answer

Similar to clans in China

question

Matrilineal

answer

Social practices included a lineage system that was often...

question

Slavery in Africa

answer

Ancient practice-used people for tasks such as ag, construction, military service, servants

question

African art

answer

Includes impressively crafted, mortarless structures at Great Zimbabwe

question

Shamans

answer

Induced rain by rituals-found on San rock paintings

question

Nigeria

answer

Woodcarvings, terra cotta statues from Southern...

question

Benin

answer

Bronze head sculptures and relief plaques depicting West African court life were created in...

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Pyramids of Egypt

answer

Earliest form of architecture found in Africa are...

question

Bards

answer

Retain and spread communal history and religious beliefs

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Stelae

answer

Carved stone pillars used to mark tombs of Axum kings

question

Stone

answer

Increasingly used as building materials in West Africa beginning in the first millennium C.E.

question

Human history

answer

African societies were more involved in worldwide developments of...

STUDY

Bantu Speaking Peoples Sub Saharan Africa

AP World History Chapter 7 Vocab – Flashcards 10 terms

Margaret Bruce

10 terms

Preview

AP World History Chapter 7 Vocab – Flashcards

question

Meroe

answer

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E.. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of Sub-Saharan Africa.

question

Axum

answer

a town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia

question

Niger Valley Civilization

answer

a civilization that developed on the western interior of Africa, south of the Saharan desert. Key feature is that during the Classical period its political organization was almost totally devoid of central authority.

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Bantu expansion

answer

Bantu-speaking people who expanded their territory vastly; acquired iron technology and learned to breed livestock and grow grain crops that were better than their previous yams

question

Mayan Civilization

answer

a member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

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Teotihuacan

answer

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

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Chavin

answer

the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.

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Moche

answer

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.

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Chaco Phenomenon

answer

Ancestral Puebloan civilization that centered on the Great Houses of Chaco Canyon, ca. 800-1150 C.E.

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Mound Builders/Cahokia

answer

members of any culture east of the Mississippi in what is now USA who built mounds of earth. Cahokia- mound building center near St. Louis, Missouri.

STUDY

Ancient History AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Care For The Sick Civil Service System Heaven And Earth Historical Geography The Fall Of Rome World History

Chapter 8 AP World History Terms – Flashcards 34 terms

Joel Boykin

34 terms

Preview

Chapter 8 AP World History Terms – Flashcards

question

Golden Age

answer

a period in a field of endeavor when great tasks were accomplished. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets, who used it to refer to a time when mankind lived in a better time and was pure

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Sui

answer

The Sui dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance.

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Tang

answer

The Tang dynasty traded along the Silk Road and connected China to the cities of central Asia, the Middle East, the Abbasid Dynasty in Baghdad, and even the Roman Byzantine Dynasty in Constantinople.

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Song

answer

was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279. It succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was followed by the Yuan dynasty

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Vietnam rice

answer

Rice production in Vietnam in the Mekong and Red River deltas is important to the food supply in the country and national economy.

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Kaifeng

answer

For 166 years, beginning in 960 C.E., China was ruled by the emperors of the Song Dynasty from their capital at Kaifeng

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Foot binding

answer

the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth.

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Tribute

answer

Gifts to offer for trade, or to buy off. Goes both ways

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radiating civilization

answer

It radiates the qualities of fairness, strength, majesty, courage and inspired leadership, so this location will attract souls who have these qualities or who wish to develop them.

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Middle Kingdom

answer

the period in the history of ancient Egypt between circa 2050 BC and 1800 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the impulse of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty.

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Xiongnu

answer

also known as the Asiatic Huns, were one of the nomadic peoples of Ancient Central Asia.

question

Steppe nomads

answer

The Eurasian nomads were a large group of nomadic peoples from the Eurasian Steppe, who often appear in history as invaders of Europe, the Middle East and China. The generic title encompasses the varied ethnic groups who have at times inhabited the steppes of Central Asia, Mongolia, and what is now Russia

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Barbarians

answer

a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian).

question

Korean dynasties

answer

Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) Dynasty, 37 bce-668 ce. Baekje (Paekche) Dynasty, 18 bce-660 ce. Silla Dynasty, 57 bce-935. Parhae Dynasty, 698-926. Goryeo (Koryŏ) period, 918-1392. Joseon (Choson or Yi) Dynasty, 1392-1910.

question

Hangul

answer

The Korean alphabet,

question

Red River valley

answer

A region in central North America that is drained by the Red River of the North.

question

Trung Sisters

answer

heroines of the first Vietnamese independence movement, who headed a rebellion against the Chinese Han-dynasty overlords and briefly established an autonomous state.

question

Shotoku Taishi

answer

was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko.

question

Heian

answer

is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height.

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Samurai

answer

a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos.

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Bushido

answer

a Japanese term for the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry in Europe.

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Kami

answer

a divine being in the Shinto religion.

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Shinto

answer

a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945.

question

Tanka

answer

a Japanese poem consisting of five lines, the first and third of which have five syllables and the other seven, making 31 syllables in all and giving a complete picture of an event or mood

question

The Tale of Genji

answer

is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period.

question

Pillow Book

answer

a type of private diary

question

Calligraphy

answer

decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering.

question

Johannes Gutenberg

answer

A German printer of the fifteenth century, who invented the printing press

question

Gunpowder Revolution

answer

5 November 1605. Result. Failure, plotters executed. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.

question

Woodblock printing

answer

is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper.

question

Salt peter

answer

a white powder that exists naturally in some soils and that is used especially as a fertilizer, in medicine, and to make gunpowder.

question

Monkey god

answer

The Monkey God is one of the mot popular characters in Chinese culture and is worshiped as a Taoist Deity.

question

Dao

answer

the absolute principle underlying the universe, combining within itself the principles of yin and yang and signifying the way, or code of behavior, that is in harmony with the natural order.

question

Pure Land School

answer

pure land is the celestial realm or pure abode of a buddha or bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism

STUDY

Ancient History AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Central America Classical Era

Ap world history Vocab Chapter 7 – Flashcards 25 terms

Henry Smith

25 terms

Preview

Ap world history Vocab Chapter 7 – Flashcards

question

Ancestral Pueblo

answer

Formerly known as the Anasazi, this people established a mixed agricultural and gathering/hunting society in the southwestern part of North America

question

Apedemek

answer

The lion god of classical Meroe; his popularity shows a turn away from Egyptian cultural influence.

question

Axum

answer

Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E

question

Bantu Expansion

answer

Gradual migration of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and that Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 BCE and continued for several millennia ; The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of Bantu-speaking farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered

question

Batwa

answer

Forest-dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies"

question

Cahokia

answer

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E

question

Chaco Phenomenon

answer

Name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860-1130 C.E among the peoples of Chaco canyon, in what is now northwestern New Mexico ; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known);

question

Chavin

answer

Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E

question

Coptic Christianity

answer

the Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ had only a single, divine nature

question

Ezana

answer

King of Axum in early fourth century CE; established Christianity in his state

question

Hopewell Culture

answer

Named from its most important site; most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourish from 200 bce to 400 ce

question

Jenne-jeno

answer

Largest and most fully studied of the cities of the Niger Valley civilization

question

Maya

answer

The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 ce

question

Meroe

answer

City in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 BCE and 100 CE

question

Moche

answer

An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E

question

Mound Builders

answer

Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthern mounds,built during the period 2000 bce - 1250 ce

question

Nazca

answer

A civilization of southern coastal Peru; the Nazca became famous for its underground irrigation channels and its gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other design

question

Niger Valley Civilization

answer

Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 bce to about 900 ce; in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralize state structure, having veen organized in clusters of economically specialized settlements

question

Pueblo

answer

"Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people

question

"Semi-Sedentary"

answer

Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting

question

Teotihuacan

answer

The largest city of pre- Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a loan in the Valley of Mexico, Teotihuacan flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., Aztec term meaning "city of gods"

question

Tikal

answer

Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people

question

ancient Greece

answer

In their political organization, the Maya were most like...

question

city-states

answer

What was the political organization of the Maya?

question

List three of the cultural achievements of the Mayan civilization.

answer

- the most elaborate writing system -records of historical events, data, and texts - temples, pyramids, palaces, and public plazas

STUDY

AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples Central America World History

World History: Module 3 Flashcards 61 terms

Richard Lattimore

61 terms

Preview

World History: Module 3 Flashcards

question

oral tradition

answer

the spoken relation and preservation, from one generation to the next, of a people's cultural history and ancestry

question

griots

answer

a West African word for a person who plays music and tells the legends, myths, and stories of a people

question

Sahel

answer

an arid area at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, which stretches from Mauritania to Chad

question

Sahara Desert

answer

The Sahara Desert is the largest in the world. The Sahara is also one of the hottest and driest deserts, reaching temperatures of 136 degrees Fahrenheit. The Sahara desert receives very little rain, some years it does not receive rain at all. In these extreme conditions, very few animals and plants can survive.

question

Inland Delta

answer

The Inland Delta lies at the middle point of the Niger River. This area floods almost every year during its wet season. Near the border of the inland delta is the town of Djenne. This area helps people have the resources to survive. The inland Delta provides fishing, water to grow crops, and land for animals to graze.

question

Yoruba

answer

a member of a people of southwestern Nigeria and Benin

question

Benin

answer

a country in West Africa

question

kola nuts

answer

large brown nuts containing caffeine; source of cola extract

question

Gold Coast

answer

a section of coastal western Africa along the Gulf of Guinea that corresponds to present-day Ghana

question

Ivory Coast

answer

a section of coastal western Africa along the Gulf of Guinea corresponding to present-day Côte d'Ivoire; it was named for the large quantities of ivory traded there in pre-colonial times

question

animists

answer

the belief in the existence of individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena

question

matrilineal

answer

tracing decent through the mother's ancestors

question

Malinke

answer

also known as Mandinke, is a large ethnic group in West Africa that became the known as the Mali Empire

question

Sundiata

answer

the founder of the Mali Empire, organized many of the Mandé chiefs to fight a rival, the Soso Kingdom

question

Dyula

answer

a Mande ethnic group inhabiting West Africa

question

Mansa Musa

answer

a king of Mali who went on pilgrimage to Mecca, brought back an Arab architect, Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, who changed the way the people of Mali built their homes

question

Timbuktu

answer

a city of central Mali near the Niger River northeast of Bamako, City of The Great Mosque, and a center of learning

question

Sunni Ali the Great

answer

founder of the Songhai empire, led the Songhai in conquering the cities of Mema and Timbuktu

question

Kings and Nobility

answer

At the top were the king and his family who ran the country, followed by a lower level of nobles. They were comprised of the local nobility, who held lesser positions in the government.

question

Freemen

answer

Freemen Below the nobility were the freemen, the citizens of the empire. The freemen could be Muslim clerics, craftspeople, griots, and artists.

question

Slaves and War Captives

answer

Slavery in Songhai was different than the institution that developed later in the Americas. In Songhai, a slave might have a very high position in society or a very low one. As the Songhai armies captured more land, entire towns might be considered slaves, but they remained on their land and farmed it because that was how they could best serve the kingdom.

question

Bantu Migrations

answer

a series of movements between around 2000 BCE and 500 CE during which large numbers of Bantu-speaking peoples left their homeland in the Niger River Valley and resettled in central, eastern, and southern Africa

question

city-state

answer

a city that is also an independent state with its own system of governance

question

Imperial

answer

relating to the building of an empire, or a political entity that rules over multiple territories and peoples

question

indigenous

answer

native to a certain place; aboriginal

question

Beringia

answer

an ancient land bridge between what is now Siberia and Alaska

question

Pre-Columbian

answer

the designation referring to the history of the Americas prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492

question

Mesoamerica

answer

a region that is defined by the cultural similarities of its indigenous populations; it extends from central Mexico through most of Central America, including Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica

question

mother cultures

answer

cultures that had a direct influence on later civilizations in the region

question

Olmec

answer

the first known pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilization

question

glyphs

answer

a character, usually engraved in stone, that represents a word

question

Zapotec

answer

a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilization that followed the Olmec; their descendents still live in Oaxaca today

question

Oaxaca

answer

a state in Mexico

question

Andes

answer

a region in Peru (mountain range)

question

Chavin

answer

the first known pre-Columbian Andean civilization

question

motifs

answer

a decorative design or pattern

question

Nazca

answer

a pre-Columbian Andean civilization that followed the Chavin

question

Nazca Lines

answer

line drawings created out of stone by the Nazca that are so massive that you can only see them from the air

question

Moche

answer

a pre-Columbian Andean civilization that followed the Chavin and Nazca

question

maize

answer

from the American Native Indian word, mahiz; this is the term the Europeans gave "corn"

question

Archeology

answer

the study of the past through artifacts

question

Artifacts

answer

man-made objects left behind by a civilization

question

Quipu

answer

messages encoded on knotted lengths of string

question

Inca

answer

The Inca was the largest civilization in pre-Columbian America, which lasted from the 12th through the 16th centuries CE. The Incas were an advanced civilization and ruled an enormous area in the Andes of South America. By the time the Spanish arrived there were 15,000,000 people in the empire.

question

Machu Picchu

answer

Machu Picchu is an ancient Incan city in the Andes Mountains. It is one of the few pre-Columbian cities to have avoided destruction by the Spanish. The city, which is high in the mountains, is a remarkable feat of engineering. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.

question

codices

answer

a paper book from Mayan or other ancient American civilizations; plural codices

question

Aztec

answer

The Aztec was the major civilization in Central America from the 12th through 16th century CE. The civilization's capital was Tenochtitlan. By the time of conquest, the empire included 400-500 small states and nearly six million people.

question

Tenochtitlán

answer

the great capital city of the Aztecs, founded in the 14th century on islands in Lake Texcoco

question

Moctezuma II

answer

the ninth Aztec emperor, conquered and imprisoned by the conquistador Hernán Cortés

question

Chinampa

answer

a farming process through which the Aztecs converted most of the lake into farmland

question

Mestizos

answer

a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Amerindian heritage or descent

question

Pacal the Great

answer

Pacal the Great was a powerful king of the Mayan city of Palenque which was a city in southern Mexico. Pacal ruled for about 67 years, from 615 to 683 CE, during which time Palenque gained power and prestige. Pacal is known today for the many magnificent buildings and temples he created during his reign, the most famous of which is the Temple of Inscriptions.

question

Moctezuma I

answer

Moctezuma I was the fifth Aztec emperor of Tenochtitlan. He is credited with expanding the Aztec empire by conquering neighboring tribes. Under his reign, Tenochtitlan also began to dominate the Triple Alliance.

question

Huayna Capac

answer

Huayna Capac was the eleventh ruler of the Inca Empire. He ruled from 1493 to 1525 CE. Capac did not conquer as much territory as previous emperors, but he did build a new capital at Tumibamda in present-day Ecuador. It is believed Capac died of smallpox or some other European disease. Before he died, Capac divided his empire between his two sons. Unfortunately for the Incas, this divided empire was easier for the Spanish to conquer.

question

Palenque

answer

a city of ancient Maya in southern Mexico, now existing in ruins

question

Crypt

answer

an underground chamber or vault, used as a burial place

question

Triple Alliance

answer

agreement formed between the Aztecs and the cities in the Valley of Puebla-Tlascala to fight wars and gain prisoners for human sacrifice

question

Aqueduct

answer

an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley.

question

smallpox

answer

an acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus; it is characterized by a high fever, aches, and a pimple-like blistery rash

question

Mita

answer

a system of the Incan government in which a commoner is called upon for public service and in return the commoner's family and land is taken care of

question

Maya

answer

The Maya was a civilization in Central America inspired by the Olmec. The classic period of the Mayan civilization lasted from 250 to 900 CE. At the empire's height, the Mayans may have numbered up to two million. The Mayans were experts in math and astronomy. Remnants of the Mayan civilization can be seen today in sites such as Chichen Itza.

STUDY

AP United States History AP World History Bantu Speaking Peoples

Nubia AP World History (TB Notes, Jones) – Flashcards 38 terms

David Dunn

38 terms

Preview

Nubia AP World History (TB Notes, Jones) – Flashcards

question

Know gender roles in each of the classical civilizations— what gender role did women have in the Nubian civilization?

answer

Later on in Meroë, women had a greater role in politics. Earlier, with Egyptian influence, their role was less. (help add info)

question

a thousand mile stretch of Nile Valley lying between *Aswan* and *Khartoum*, in modern south Egypt and north Sudan. only continuously inhabited territory connecting sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa. Corridor for trade between tropical Africa and Mediterranean, possessing gold, copper, and semiprecious stones (natural wealth)

answer

Nubia (3100 BCE - 350 CE)

question

Egypt had a hunger for Nubian _______, which helped lead to the arising of a complex civilization

answer

Gold

question

Was Nubia a civilization that simply imitated Egypt? If not, name Nubia's influences

answer

Historians no longer think that Nubia imitated Egypt (which wanted Nubian gold). Nubia was influenced by Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa, a result of its tremendous trade positioning

question

Like the Egyptians, the Nubians were centered around this geographical feature. The __________ flowed through rocky desert, grassland, and a fertile plain.

answer

Nile

question

________ was essential for agriculture in Nubia due to the severely hot climate and the dry north. Mesopotamia relied on this, but Egypt and the Indus Rivery Valley civ. did not.

answer

Irrigation (from the river)

question

Natural barriers formed by large boulders and rapids. Obstructed boat traffic. Caravans skirted (went around) the river

answer

Cataracts

question

Saharan/tropical Africa and Egyptian (add more plz) - How did trade affect Nubia (please add more to my bad answer)

answer

Trade through Nubia was evident due to ivory and ebony wood Egyptian crafts found before 3000 BCE (natural resources from tropical Africa). Nubia was between sub

question

A city that was the Old Kingdom's southern limit of Egyptian control. Just north of First Cataract

answer

Aswan (Syrene)

question

Why did the Egyptians send donkey caravans south? What did they trade for? (this was dangerous because of negotiations with local Nubian chiefs)

answer

Gold, incense, ebony, ivory, slaves, exotic animals. From tropical Africa. Great rewards resulted. (*what did Egyptians trade, do you know*)

question

Kingdom period in Egypt when they more aggressively pursued Nubia. Control gold mines in desert east of Nile. During Middle Kingdom = peaceable relations, no little interaction between Egypt and *indigenous* northern Nubians w/ Old farming/herding ways

answer

Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 BCE)

question

Where Egyptians erected mud-brick forts on islands and riverbanks in order to regulate flow of trade and to protect southern border from Nubians and nomadic desert raiders

answer

south of 2nd cataract

question

Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile Rive south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium BCE

answer

Kush

question

capital of the kingdom of Kush

answer

Kerma

question

Name the religious structure of Kush before Egyptian dominiation (specifically, their afterlife before Egyptian domination) (fun fact = Kushites wrote *high quality poetry*)

answer

In 1750 BCE, they built walls and monumental brick structures. Sacrificed dozens/hundreds of servants/wives w/ king burials. Belief in afterlife where attendants/possessions = useful. Put rich objects. Show wealth/power of rulers of Kush

question

"Holy Mountain" of Nubia, had temples. Napata, capital of Egyptian Nubia was near here

answer

Gebel Barkal

question

An expansionist period of the Egyptians, they went further into Nubia, destroyed Kush + Kerma, and extended their frontier to the Fourth Cataract. Led to the assimilation of the Nubian peoples. They dominated Nubia for 500 years

answer

New Kingdom (1532-1070 circa BCE)

question

ruler of Nubia from new capital Napata. Denotes force.

answer

Overseer of Southern Lands (King's Son of Kush)

question

Why put Napata capital near Gebel Barkal?

answer

Less resistance from Nubians, easy assimilation of culture

question

Egyptian god respected by Nubians, depicted with head of ram (possibly a blend between Amon and a Nubian ram deity). Nubians now modeled their culture after Egypt.

answer

Amon

question

350 CE) - capital of flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from fourth century BCE to fourth century CE. Nubia shows more independence from Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa

answer

(Kingdom of) Meroë (800 BCE

question

The kings of _____ ruled all of Egypt in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (712 to 660 BCE). Conducted Egyptian ruler manners. Egyptian customs. Royal titles. Traditional costume. Buried according to Egyptian custom. Artistic + cultural renaissance. Building on monumental scale. Egyptian art, architecture, religion

answer

Nubia (712 to 660 BCE)

question

capital of the Old Kingdom (of Egypt) and the capital of Nubian Egyptian dominance (during Twenty-fifth Dynasty (712 to 660 BCE))

answer

Memphis

question

New Kingdom capital that became residence of celibate (chastity) female member of king's family, called "God's wife of Amon"

answer

Thebes

question

attempted to help struggling Palestinian rulers against Assyrian Empire. Assyrians invaded Egypt, drove Nubian monarchs back to southern domain. By 660 BCE - Napata became the capital again

answer

Disastrous mistake in 701 BCE by Nubians

question

Religious figurines used in Nubia because of Egyptian influence. *Egyptians wielded incredible influence on Nubia*

answer

Shawabti figurines

question

Why was the new capital of Nubia situated in Meroë (by fourth century BCE)?

answer

↑ agriculture/trade, good for economy

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Kingdom of ________, worshipped Amon/Isis as well as Nubian deities (e.g. Apademak). Undeciphered symbols (not hieroglyphs) for Meroitic language. Art combined Egyptian, Greco-Roman, indigenous traditions. Also a city. New kingdom of Nubia

answer

Meroë

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Under which civilization's (area) influence do women of royal family play an important role in politics in Meroë (help reword)

answer

sub-Saharan Africa (help reword question

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__________ was a huge city - > square mile. Capital of a kingdom in Nubia. Fertile grasslands, trade routes. Great reservoirs to catch rainfall. *Iron smelting*. City is buried under sand today

answer

Meroë

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Information to know - how did archaelogists find the buried structures of Meroë

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Because much of the city is buried under the sand, archaeologists use magnetometers to detect buried structures. THey founda large palace, the temple of Amon, and a wall.

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Meroë collapsed in early fourth century, overrun by western desert _________, people who have no permanent abode. The camel coming into North Africa allowed this to happen.

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Nomads

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Why did Meroë fall?

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They had weakened trade routes, as the Roman Empire traded with the Red Sea and Aksum instead. Also, the introduction of the camel helped the nomads take over.

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rising empire in present-day Ethiopia. Romans traded with them instead

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Aksum

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Explain why a complex civilization in Nubia emerged.

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Nubia's natural wealth + location on trade route between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa + Egyptian hunger for Nubian gold explain early rise of complex civilization there

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What civilization affected Nubian culture the most?

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During long periods of Egyptian domination, as well as a period in which Nubian rulers controlled Egypt, Nubian culture and technology were strongly influenced by Egyptian practices

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During the Meroitic period, Nubia came under stronger cultural influences from ____________, as seen by the emergence of queens

answer

Sub-saharan africa

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What caused Nubia's collapse in fourth century CE?

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Nubia's collapse in the early fourth century CE was due to shifting trade routes and attacks from desert nomads

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