Ap World History 2 – Flashcards
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Iberians
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The natives or inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, where Spain and Portugal are located.
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.
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Isabella of Castile
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(1474-1504) married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, led the Reconquista and began Inquisition with her husband
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Granada
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The Muslim kingdom that Spain later conquested. In 1502, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled or killed.
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Inquisition
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Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
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Ecomiendas
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this consisted of a grant by the crown of a specified number of Indians living in a certain area. This was a system that the Spanish crown defined the status of the Indian population in its colonies
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Hispaniola
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a Caribbean island settled by Spaniards in 1493; a present day island that is divided into the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
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Encomendero
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The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church.
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Bartolme de La Casas
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A Conquistador turned priest. Tried to stand up for the rights of the indigenous.
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Potosi
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Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)
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Haciendas
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Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.
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Consulado
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Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return.
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Galleons
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Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
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Viceroyalties
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Provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch.
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Audencias
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courts staffed by lawyers who oversaw actions of the viceroys to report to the king
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored what is now Brazil. While making a trip to India on April, 22, 1500 his fleet was forced off course by weather and he reached what is now the state of Bahia, Brazil. He claimed this land for Portugal.
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Capitaincies
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Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony.
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Minas Gerais
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Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush.
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Rio de Janeiro
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Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763.
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Sociedad de Castas
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American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.
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Mulatto
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The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)
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Peninsulares
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Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class
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Creoles
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Descendants of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status
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War of Spanish
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a spanish war
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Succession
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(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
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Charles III
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royal Spanish imperial reformer who attempted to end bureaucratic corruption by introducing the intendant system to the empire
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Marquis of Pombal
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prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.
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Comunero Revolt
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One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.
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Tupac Amaru
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Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.
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el Mina
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Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa
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Nzinga Mvemba
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King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom.
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Royal African Company
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A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)
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Indies Piece
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Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave.
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Triangular Trade
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A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
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Asante
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African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)
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Asantehene
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Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool.
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Dahomey
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Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.
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Boers
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Dutch immigrants (farmers) that settled in South Africa in the 1600's
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Great Trek
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A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.
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Mfecane
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Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.
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Swazi
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a member of a southeast African people living in Swaziland and adjacent areas
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Lesotho
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Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government.
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Middle Passage
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the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade
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Saltwater Slaves
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Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black.
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Creole Slaves
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American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.
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Manumission
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The formal act of freeing from slavery
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Obeah
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A religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery
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Palmares
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Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan
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Suriname Maroons
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Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to cruch guerrilla resistance.
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John Wesley
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Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community
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William Wilberforce
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British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.
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Your Welcome
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Love Michael (Ketchup) and John (Snazzy Pants)
