question

Before the Mongols arrived in Central Asia and Persia, who had moved west, gained control over key territories from Anatolia to Delhi in north India, and contributed to the decline of the Abbasid caliphate in the 13 century?

answer

Turks

question

Who had the Turks been quick to join? They were important participants in the armies and administrations of the --- states in Persia and Central Asia. In these regions, who outnumbered who?

answer

the Mongols Mongol The Turks outnumbered the Mongol's

question

Who was the Turkish leader? What was he also known as? He built a Central Asian empire from his base in ----- that reached into India and through Persia to the Black Sea.

answer

Timur Tamerlane Samarkand

question

What did Timur do until his death? Who did he aspire to reach the achievements of? He did not get involved into administering the new territories but rather appointed --- .

answer

Campaign Chinggis Khan Lords

question

Who did Timura conquest benefit After his death what happened to his empire What became the most important force integrating the region

answer

Samarkand only Declined Islam

question

Who did the Ottomans take their name from He was the chief of a band of semi nomadic Turks that had migrated into western ----- while the --- still held Persia. What did the Ottoman ruler call himself

answer

Osman Anatolia Mongols border chief or leaders of the ghazis (frontier raiders)

question

The Ottomans built their empire by absorbing the --- of Anatolia and by becoming the protector of the ---- church and of Greek Christians in Anatolia and the ----.

answer

Muslims Orthodox Balkans

question

How did the Ottomans gain a foothold in Europe? Their victories led more men to join them as ----. After the victories in the Balkans, the Ottomans made ---- of many captives and trained them as soldiers.

answer

by seizing Gallipoli ghazis slaves

question

During the reign of Sultan Mehmet II, the Ottomans conquered -----. The Byzantine emperor relied on the ---- and iron ---- that surrounded the city. Once the Ottomans captured Constantinople, the sultans considered themselves successors to the ----- and ----- Turk emperors.

answer

Constantinople walls chains Byzantine and Seljuk

question

To begin the transformation of Constantinople into an imperial Ottoman capital, Mehmet ordered what? To make up for the loss of population through war, Mehmet did what? What played an influential role in the expansion of the Ottoman state?

answer

wealthy residents to participate in the building of mosques, markets, fountains, etc. transplanted inhabitants of other territories to the city gunpowder

question

Control of what gave the Ottomans access to the holy cities of Islam? Control of what gave the Ottomans access to the Indian Ocean? Who extended Ottoman dominance to its widest geographical extent? His army crushed the ---- at Mohacs

answer

Syria Egypt Suleiman Hungarians

question

why did Francis I of France and Suleiman make an alliance? how did the Habsburg emperor Charles V retaliate? Suleiman renewed the French agreement with Henry II and this became the cornerstone of --- policy in western europe.

answer

they believed that only their collaboration could prevent Habsburg domination of Europe made an alliance with Safavid Persia Ottoman

question

Suleiman allied with the ---- Protestant princes, forcing the Catholic Habsburgs to grant concessions to the Protestants ---- pressure contributed to the recognition of Lutheran Protestants at the Peace of Augsburg

answer

German Ottoman

question

Who stood at the north of Ottoman lands Who brought the entire Volga region under Russian control? What was he known as ? Ottomans plans to recapture the area succeeded in uniting who?

answer

Grand Duchy of Moscow Ivan IV The Terrible Russia, Persia, and the pope against the Turks

question

Where did the Ottomans not enjoy complete victory? Why? In response to Turkish presence on Cyprus, Pope Pius V organized a -- --- against the Turks, which won a victory in 1571 at Lepanto off the west coast of Greece with a squadron of more than two hundred Spanish, Venetian, and papal galleys.

answer

Seas Pirates and Habsburgs Holy League

question

Several issues lay at the root of the long and exhausting conflict: --- --- between the Sunni Ottomans and the Shi'a Persians, competition to expand at each other's expense in ----, desire to control --- routes, and European alliances. What established a permanent border between the two powers?

answer

Religious antagonism Mesopotamia Trade Treaty of Kasr-I-Shirim

question

The Ottoman political system reached its classic form under --- I. All authority flowed from the --- to his public servants: provincial governors, police officers, military generals, heads of treasuries, and viziers In Turkish history, what is Suleiman known as? Who did he order to make laws that prescribed the penalties for routine criminal acts?

answer

Suleiman Sultan Law giver Lütfi Paşa

question

The legal code also introduced the idea of balanced --- ---. The head of the religious establishment was given the task of reconciling --- law with --- law. Suleiman's legal acts influenced many legal codes, including the --- ----

answer

Govt. budgets Sultanic Islamic United States

question

---- image appears in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives, along with the images of the Athenian lawmaker Solon, Moses, and Thomas Jefferson The Ottomans ruled their more distant lands, such as those in North Africa, relatively -----.

answer

Suleiman Lightly

question

The power of the Ottoman central government was sustained through the training of ---. Slaves were purchased from --, --- ---, and ---- They were captured in ---- or drafted by the ----

answer

Slaves Spain, North Africa, and Venice War Devshirme

question

slave boys were converted to --- and trained for what? Who entered the palace school? Other boys were sent to -----, to prepare for the army.

answer

islam civil service and army brightest ten percent Turkish farms

question

Known as -----, they formed the elite army corps. Who was the Ottoman ruling class? The Ottoman way was --- in faith, loyal to the ---, and well versed in the ---- language and the culture of the imperial court.

answer

janissaries descendants of Turkish family and people who rose through the ranks Islam sultan Turkish

question

Turkish nobles didn't have a local base independent of the ruler because all property belonged to the ---. the sultans did not contract legal ------ but perpetuated the ruling house through -----. When a sultan's concubine became pregnant, her ---- and --- increased. If she had a --, she raised him until 10 or 11 and then supervised him while he governed a province.

answer

sultan marriages concubinage status and salary boy

question

Suleiman made it a practice to marry his ---- to top-ranking slave officials. W/ the decline of Timurs empire, Persia was controlled by --- lords. 14 year old ------ led a Turkish army to capture Tabriz and declared himself ----.

answer

daughters Turkish Ismail shah

question

The strength of the early Safavid state rested on: 1. ---- and military --- of the Qizilbash (redheads) By the shah granting ----, the Qizilbash supplied him with -----. 2. The Safavid state utilized the skills of urban --- and made them an essential part of the civil machinery or the government 3. ------ faith

answer

loyalty support land troops bureaucrats Shi'a

question

Because Ismail claimed descent from a line of twelve infallible imams beginning with Ali, he was officially regarded as their ---- on earth. Ismail recruited -- scholars to guide his people and persecuted Sunni ----.

answer

representative Shi'a ulama

question

Safavid power reached its height under ---- --- , who moved the capital from Qaxvin to ----. Bc of his achievements he earned the title "-- ---" He built an army of ---- from Caucasus; he increased use of --- weapons and made ---- .

answer

Shah Abbas Isfahan The Great slaves gunpowder alliances

question

The Safavids did not have as many people or as much wealth as the ------. After Shah Abbas, Safavid power was sapped by ---- war b/w tribal factions.

answer

Ottomans civil

question

The --- Empire of India was the largest, wealthiest, and most populous of the three great Islamic empires. Who could compare to this empire? Who captured Kabul and made a kingdom in Afghanistan?

answer

Mughal only the Ming Babur

question

Babur defeated the sultan of ---- at Panipat. He wrote an --- in Turkish that recounts his military campaigns. During the reign of Baburs son ---- the Mughals lost most of their territories in Afghanistan. the reign of Humayuns son ------ was the greatest in India.

answer

Delhi autobiography Humayun Akbar

question

Akbar replaced Turkish with ---- as the lang of the empire. He developed an administrative bureaucracy centered on --- ---- -----: 1. finance and revenue 2. army and intelligence 3. religious patronage 4. imperial houssehold

answer

Persian four co-equal ministers

question

Under Akbars Hindu finance minister, --- --- ---, a system of --- was made. Akbars son ----, succeeded only in consolidating Mughal rule in Bengal. Jahangirs son ---- launched fresh territorial expansion.

answer

Raja Todar Mal taxes Jahangir Shah Jahan

question

Shah Jahans son Aurangzeb confined him in a ---- for years. his reign marked the beginning of the empires ----.

answer

cell decline

question

one of the arts all three empires shared was -----. Who were employed as weavers and why? Another art was --- ----, especially for book illustration.

answer

carpet making women and children because of their smaller hands miniature painting

question

---- were regarded as precious objects. In all three empires, strong rulers built capital cities and palaces as visible expressions of ----- majesty. Europeans called Suleiman "the Magnificent" because of the grandeur of his ----.

answer

books dynastic court

question

The greatest builder under the Ottomans was ----- -----, who was a Greek-borne devshirme recruit who rose to become imperial architect under Suleiman. His masterpieces, the Shehzade and Suleimaniye Mosques in Istanbul were designed to ---- the space under the dome.

answer

Mimar Sinan maximize

question

Shah Abbas made Isfahan the jewel of the ---- Empire. Architects placed a ---- ground in the center. Mosques were richly decorated with -- ---.

answer

Safavid polo blue tile

question

The birth of Jahangir inspired Akbar to build --- ---- to symbolize the regimes Islamic foundation. He supervised the construction, which combined --- and ----- ideas. Bc of ---- ---- supply, the city was abandoned.

answer

Fatehpur Sikri Muslim and Hindu bad water

question

Who of Akbars successors had the most sophisticated interest in architecture? He founded a capital at ----. It was made partly of red ----- and ------. For his palace, Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the ---- throne. His most enduring monument is the --- ----.

answer

Shah Jahan Delhi sandstone anf marble peacock Taj Mahal

question

Many architectural masterpieces had ------, which represent a distinctive and highly developed feature of Persian culture. They served as places of ---- and ----. Bc it evoked paradise, gardens played a large role in --- literature.

answer

gardens meditation leisure Muslim

question

Who produced a map incorporating Islamic and Western knowledge that showed all of the known world His --- --- -- -- had 129 chapters Who built an observatory at Istanbul? What catalogued astronomical instruments and described an astronomical clock that fixed the location of stars with great precision.

answer

Piri Reis Book of the Sea Takiyuddin Mehmet Instruments of the Observatory

question

Who was the chief physician and produced a study on kidney and bladder stones? The rulers of all three empires drew legitimacy from their support for ---.

answer

Abi Ahmet Celebi Islam

question

For the Safavids this entailed suppressing --- movements and Sunnis, even marginalizing sometimes massacring the original ---- warriors, who had come to be seen as politically disruptive.

answer

Sufi Qizilbash

question

Sufi --- thrived throughout Muslim world. The mystical ---- movement among Hindus involved dances, poems, and songs reminiscent of Sufi practice.

answer

fraternities Bhakti

question

The new religion of the Sikhs was influenced by the ---- and they traced back to a teacher who argued that God did not distinguish b/w Muslims and Hindus but saw everyone as ---. Sikhs rejected the --- ---, forbade alcohol and ---, and men did not cut their ---. The Sikh movement was most successful in northwest -----.

answer

Sufis children caste system tobacco hair India

question

None of the empires adopted the --- --- or went through any cultural expansion asserted with China and ---. Until 1729, Ottoman authorities prohibited printing books in ---- or ----- The copying of -- was a well established practice

answer

printing press Europe Turkish and Arabic manuscript

question

the Origin of coffee drinking is traced to the --- Sufis. What provide a place for conversation and male sociability? However, these places encountered religious and governmental ----.

answer

Yemen coffee houses opposition

question

Muslim rulers for the most part guaranteed the lives and property of ---- and --- on their promise of obedience and the payment of a poll tax. The Safavid authorities made efforts to convert Armenian ----- in the Caucasus, and many seem to have embraced Islam voluntarily. Mughal rulers did not force ----. ---- went the furthest in promoting Muslim-Hindu accommodation.

answer

Christians and Jews Christians conversion Ankara

question

Ankara abolished the ----, the poll tax on non-Muslims. These actions infuriated the ---.

answer

jizya ulama

question

Aurangzeb forbade the ---- and the castration of boys to be sold as eunuchs, he abolished all --- not authorized by the Islamic law. To compensate for the loss of money, he reissued the tax on who. He ordered destruction on --- temples and tried to curb ----. He required --- to pay higher custom duties then Muslims.

answer

sati taxes non muslims Hindu Sikhism Hindus

question

it had been thought that the decline of wealth of Muslim empires was attributed to shift in ---- patterns. New sea routes enabled Europeans to acquire goods from the east without ---- intermediates.

answer

trading Muslims

question

In Islamic empires, new world crops fueled population increases --- rapidly than in western Europe and East Asia. The Portuguese established the port of --- on the west coast of India as their headquarters . Portuguese decided that ---- principles of international law should not restrict them in Asia.

answer

less Goa Western

question

In 1602, the Dutch formed the --- --- --- company with the states goal of wresting the enormously lucrative spice trade from the Portuguese. with a charter signed by Queen Elizabeth, eighty london merchants organized the -- --- -- company

answer

Dutch east india british east india

question

The british called their trading posts --- ---. the term factory did not signify ---, it designated the walled compound containing the residences, gardens, and offices.

answer

factory forts manufacturing

question

factory forts existed to make profits from ------ trade The european middle class wanted Indian -----. the upper classes wanted --- wallpaper and porcelains and Indian silks and cottons.

answer

Asian-European textiles Chinese

question

The shifting trading patterns associated with European colonial expansion brought no direct benefit to the ---- and the -----. The appearance of ----- traders led to a rapid increase in overall trade . ---- --- cloth was India's chief export.

answer

Ottomans and Safavids European block-printed cotton

question

The demand for cotton cloth in India caused Akbar to launch a --- building campaign. Indian --- were often devout Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, or Jains. --- and ---- were active in commerce.

answer

road merchants Jews and Christians

question

Armenian merchants were known for their trade in Persian ---. When Portuguese settled in south india, they found many Armenian ----- there. --- invited the armenians to settle in Agra. --- ---- captured much of Armenia. He forced the Armenians to move more deeply into ---. Among them was a merchant community of ---. Business was conducted through ----.

answer

silk communities Akbar Shah Abbas Persia Julfa contracts

question

Armenian merchants were able to operate profitably in cities ---- powers dominated. The Armenian community lost its center in New Julfa bc of religious persecution by a ----

answer

European shah

question

Britians presence in India began with the --- --- --- company and its desire to profit from -----. When warlords appeared or an uprising occurred, people from the surrounding countryside flocked into the companys --- ----. The company's factories evolved into defensive installations manned by small garrisons of native troops, known as ----, trained in western military weapons and tactics.

answer

British East India trade factory forts sepoys

question

--- eventually became the dominant foreign presence in India. The treaty of ------ recognized British control of much of India.

answer

Britain Paris

question

The --- Act of 1773 created the office of governor general to exercise political authority over the territory controlled by the company. The --- Act of 1784 required that the governor general be chosen from outside the company, and it made company directors subject to parliamentary supervision.

answer

Regulating Indian

question

Who sought allies among Indian princes, laid the foundations for the first Indian civil service, abolished tolls to facilitate internal trade, placed the salt and opium trades under government control, and planned a codif ication of Muslim and Hindu laws?

answer

Hastings

question

Who introduced the British style of property relations, in effect converting a motley collection of former Mughal officers, tax collectors, and others into En glish-style landlords.

answer

Cornwallis

question

Who was as victorious over local rulers who resisted British rule, vastly extending British influence in India. He believed that British rule strongly benefited the Indians.

answer

Wellesley

question

By the end of the 18 century, all three empires were ----. Who was the first to fall? They didnt have enough --- to support the army. Who invaded from the east, seized Isfahan, and were able to repulse Ottoman invasion? In this political vacuum, ---- religious institutions grew stronger.

answer

declining Safavid Persia revenue Afghans Shi'a

question

The ottoman empire suffered from poor ----. After the sultan died, any son who wanted to succeed had to ---- his brothers to claim the throne, and the defeated brothers would be ----. After ----- reign, this tradition was abandoned.

answer

leadership contest executed Suleiman

question

The defeat of the Turkish fleet by the ---- off the coast of Greece marked the loss of Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean.

answer

Spanish

question

By the terms of the peace treaty with ---- signed at Karowitz, the Ottomans lost the major European provinces of Hungary and Transylvania.

answer

Austria

question

In Mughal India the old Turkish practice of letting ---- fight for the throne persisted. After defeating his father and brothers, --- made it his goal to conquer the south. The stiffest opposition came from the ----.

answer

heirs Aurangzeb Marathas

question

after ---- death, the empire declined. Persian adventurer --- --- invaded India, defeated the Mughal Empire, looted Delhi, and carried off a huge amount of treasure, including the peacock throne. The Marathas were crushed by the -----.

answer

Aurangzeb Nadir Shah Afghans

question

The Mughal empire came to a formal end in -----.

answer

1857

question

The economic center of gravity shifted from the capital to the ---. --- was seized by local notables and military strongmen at the expense of central government officials.

answer

provinces power

question

Central govt. officials perceived the growth in provincial power in --- terms.

answer

negative

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