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mercantilism

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an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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Stamp Act 1765

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Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.

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Sons of Liberty

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A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

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Declaratory Act 1766

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this Act repealed the Stamp Act, but stated that Great Britain can rule the colonies anyway she sees fit (with date)

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Boston Massacre

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The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

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Tea Act 1773

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Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy.

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Coercive Acts 1774

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1. Closed Boston port until destroyed tea paid for. 2. stopped town meetings. 3. Appointed a military government for Massachusetts. 4. Trials of government officials will be in England.

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First Continental Congress

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Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

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Lexington and Concord

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the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775)

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writs of assistance

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It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

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Declaration of Independence

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This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

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Battle of Saratoga

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Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

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General Cornwallis

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the British general who defied an order and was trapped at Yorktown forcing his surrender; he called Washington an old fox

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John Jay

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First chief justice of the Supreme Court

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Articles of Confederation

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This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

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Northwest Ordinance

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Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

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James Madison

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Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

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Anti-federalists

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opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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Richard Henry Lee

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Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.

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Sugar Act of 1764

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An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

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virtual representation

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British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

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Stamp Act Congress

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group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

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Charles Townshend

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British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.

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non-importation agreements

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A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.

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committees of correspondence

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Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

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Intolerable Acts 1774

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1774 closed harbor untio damage were paid and order can be ensued + British official if they killed someone they get trial by jury in Britian where they were likely not to get charged. (in response when the colonist threw the tea)

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John Adams

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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

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Second Continental Congress

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They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Paine

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Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

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Pontiac's Rebellion

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A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

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Benjamin Franklin

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Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

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Treaty of Paris 1783

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The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

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Annapolis Convention

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Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

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Virginia Resolution

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Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

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Constitutional Convention

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meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution

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Quartering Act of 1765

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Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

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Proclamation Act 1763

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Act passed by England prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

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Townshend Acts 1767

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Taxed luxury items imported into the colonies; colonists outraged and started another movement to stop importing Br. goods

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George III

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English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

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Samuel Adams

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Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

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Quebec Act

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Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

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George Washington

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Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

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Common Sense

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

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circular letter

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A letter circulated in 1767 in reaction to the Townshend Act. It urged colonists to jointly sign a petition of protest and was influential in causing colonists to work together against the British.

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Battles of Trenton and Princeton

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Washington crossed Delaware, surprised Hessians at Trenton, went on to win at Princeton...gave new hope to Americans after defeats in New York

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Nathaniel Greene

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Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

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Yorktown

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The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The was over, and colonists had won!

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Shay's Rebellion

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was led by Daniel Shays it was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had just worked so hard to get rid of

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Alexander Hamilton

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Delegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury.

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Thomas Hobbes

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wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

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Prohibitory Act

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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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