Ap Human Geography Unit 4 Vocab Answers – Flashcards
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Geopolitics (or Geopolitical)
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study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography
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Organic Theory (Friedrich Ratzel)
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the view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age
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Sea Power Theory (Alfred T. Mahan)
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believed that control of sea lanes would lead to national power; evidenced by european colonial takeover strategies
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Heartland Theory (Halford MacKinder)
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Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
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Rimland Theory (Nicholas Spykman"
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Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
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Domino Theory
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the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
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Territory
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the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state
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Nation
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a politically organized body of people under a single government
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State
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an area organized into a political unit and rules by an established gov't with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
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Nation-state
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a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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Multi-ethic State
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state that contains more than one ethnicity
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Multinational State
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State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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Race
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identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
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Sovereignty
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ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
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Tribalism
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a situation in which people feel greater allegiance and loyalty to their own ethnic group than to a state as a whole
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Centripetal Forces
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An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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Ethnicity
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Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
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Centrifugal Force
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a force that divides people and countries
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Federal State
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An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
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Unitary State
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An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
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Confederation
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a joining of several groups for a common purpose
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International Organization
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an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination
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Supranational Organization
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A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization
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Devolution
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the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government)
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Gerrymandering
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Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
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Microstate (Ministate)
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A state that encompasses a very small land area.
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Compact State
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A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
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Fragmented State
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A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
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Elongated State
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A state with a long, narrow shape.
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Prorupted State
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an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
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Perforated State
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a state that completely surrounds another one
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Landlocked State
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A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
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Exclave
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a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
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Enclave
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a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory
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Geometric Boundary
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Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
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Physical-Political Boundary
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political boundary that separates territiories according to natural features in the landscpae, such as mountains, rivers or deserts.
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Cultural-Political Boundary
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boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity
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Antecedent Boundary
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A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
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Subsequent Boundary
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A boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes...
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Superimposed Boundary
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A political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape. Usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns, such as the border that now divides North and South Korea.
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Relict Boundary
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A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.
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Frontier
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a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
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Forward Capital
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capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
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Shatterbelt
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a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War)
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Balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Apartheid
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Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
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Ethnic Cleansing
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Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
