AP Human Geography Unit 2 Vocab – Flashcards
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Age Distribution
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One back-to-back bar graph, showing the number of males and showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups.
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Carry capacity
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This is the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present.
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Cohort
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Population of various age categories in an age-sex population pyramids.
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Demographic momentum
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this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.
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Demographic Regions
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Cape Verde is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition.
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Demographic Transition model
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Has 4 steps. Stage 1 is low growth (low stationary), Stage 2 is High Growth (early expanding), Stage 3 is Moderate Growth (late expanding), and Stage 4 is Low Growth (low stationary), and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.
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Dependency Ratio
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The number of people who are too young too old to work compared to the number of people in there productive years.
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Diffusion of fertility control
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the spread of fertility control in an area.
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Disease Diffusion
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There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people.
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Doubling Time
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The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
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Ecumene
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The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
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Epidemiological transition model
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This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
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Gendered space
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knowledge about using space from a male and female angle, to determine how females may be restricted in use of public and private spaces compared to males
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
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The annual # of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Expressed as # of deaths among infants per 1000 birth.
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J-curve
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When the projection population show exponential growth
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Maladaption
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This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful.
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Malthus, Thomas
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Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.
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Mortality
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There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The IMR reflect a country's health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live.
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Natality
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(Crude Birth Rate) This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society.
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Neo-malthusian
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theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food
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Overpopulation
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the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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Population densities
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the frequency with which something occurs in space
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Physiological density
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
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Agricultural density
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The ratio if the number of farmers to the total amount of farmland
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Population distribution
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the arrangement of a feature in space. The three main properties are density, concentration, and pattern
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Population explosion
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a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area
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Population projection
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predicts the future population of an area or the world.
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Population pyramid
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A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
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Rate of natural increase
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the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
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S-curve
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relates to growth and decline in the natural increase
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Sex ratio
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the number of males per hundred females in the population
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Standard of living
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refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population
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Sustainability
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the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
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Underpopulation
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it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population
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Zero population growth
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when the birth rate equals the death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero
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Activity space
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space used for a certain industry or activity
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Chain Migration
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migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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Cyclic Movement
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seasonal and nomadism. Leave a place, but return
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Distance Decay
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The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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Forced Migration
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Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.
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Gravity model
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A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
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Internal Migration
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Permanent movement within a particular country.
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Intervening Opportunity
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an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration
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Intercontinental
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Permanent movement from one country to a different country
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inter-regional
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Permanent movement from one region of the country to another
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Rural-Urban
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Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area
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Migratory Movement
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Describes human movement from a source to a destination without a return journey
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Periodic Movement
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movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation
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Personal space
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"bubble"
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Place Utility
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the desirability of a place based on its social, economic and environmental situation. Often used to compare the value of living in different locations.
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Push-Pull Factors
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Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.
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Refugee
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People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.
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Space-Time Prism
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The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time.
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Step Migration
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a series of small, less extreme location changes are steps
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Transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
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Voluntary migration
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when you leave a place on your own terms
