Ap Human Geography Chapter 6 Flashcard
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Language
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A set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication.
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Culture
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The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.
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Mutual Intelligibility (not generally accepted)
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Two people can understand each other when speaking
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Standard Language
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One that is published, widely distributed and purposefully taught.
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Dialects
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Variations of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines, differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and even the pace.
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Dialect Chains
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A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are closely related
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Academie Francaise
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An institution charged with standardizing and protecting the French language
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Quebecois
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The people of the Quebec
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Isogloss
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A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line
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Language Families
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A group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
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Subfamilies
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Divisions within a language family where commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
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Sound Shift
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A slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards it origin
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Proto-Indo-European
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An ancestral Indo-European language. -Hearth of ancient latin, greek, sanskrit...?
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Backward Reconstruction
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A technique linguists use to track sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language.
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Jakob Grimm
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Developed the theory that as language gets older, the consonants become softer.
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Extinct Language
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A language without any native speakers
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Deep Reconstruction
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Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded the extinct language
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Nostratic
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Ancient ancester language of Proto-Indo-European
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Language Divergence
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Occurs when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discreet tongues.
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Language Convergence
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When people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction, the two languages can collapse together and create one
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Renfrew Hypothesis
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Three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families; 1) Europe's Indo-European from Anatolia (Turkey) 2) North African and Arabic from western arc of FC 3) languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India from Eastern arc of the FC
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Conquest Theory
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This theory holds that early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread from east to west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
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Dispersal Hypothesis
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The Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into South West Asia, next around Caspian Sea, then across the Russian-Okrainian pains and on into the Balkans.
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Romance Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese)
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These languages lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
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Germanic Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish)
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These languages reflect the expansions of people out of northern Europe to the west and south
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Slavic Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian)
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These languages developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine, close to 2000 years ago
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Uralic Language Family (Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian)
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These are major Uralic languages. External across Eurasia to Pacific Coast
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Altaic Language Family (Turkish, Kazakh, Uigur, Kyrgyz, Uzbek)
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These languages (and more) are as equally widespread as Uralic
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Euskera
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covers a small area (isolated in Andorra Mountains between Spain and France) and is in no way related to any other language family in Europe. They speak Basque.
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Khoisan Family
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Oldest Sub-saharen language. Includes "clicking" noise.
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Johann Gutenberg
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Perfected printing press. Printed the Bible which allowed production of written texts in languages besides Latin. The press helped to spread literacy and stabilized certain languages through widely distributed written forms.
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Linga Franca
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a language used among speakers of different languages for purposes of trade and commerce.
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Pidgin Language
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When people who speak two or more languages and are in contact with each other and they combine parts of their languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary.
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Creole Language
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A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure an vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.
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Monolingual States
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Countries in which only one language is spoken. (Japan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Lesotho)
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Multilingual States
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Countries in which more than one language is in use
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Official Language(s)
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Countries with linguistic fragmentation often adopt an official langue(s) to tie people together. Example: African colonies
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Global Language
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A common language of trade and commerce used around the world OR principal language people use in day-to-day activities
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Yi-Fu Tuan
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A geographer who researched the importance of language in making places. Emphasized how people use language as a tool to give meaning to points on the Earth's surface. Explained that by simply naming a place, people call the place into being and impart a certain character to it
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Place
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Is a unique location- a reflection of people's activities, ideas, and tangible creations
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Toponym
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A place name. Gives a quick glimpse into the history of a place.
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George Stewart
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Recognized that certain themes dominate American toponyms. Developed classification scheme focussed on ten basic types of place names.
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Falkland Islands/Malvinas
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Islands off the southeast coast of South America -Argentineans call them Malvinas -British call them Falkland Islands
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Post-colonial toponym
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Changing power = changing toponym. When colonies become independent place names often change. Examples: East Pakistan -> Bangladesh Gold Coast -> Ghana
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Post-revolution Toponym
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Changes in power through coups and revolutions prompt name changes. Example: Stalingrad -> Volgograd
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Memorial Toponym
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People can choose to change a toponym to memorialize an important person or event. streets, parks, buildings etc.
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Commodification of Toponyms
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The practice of buying, selling, trading toponyms is growing, especially in large areas largely within the fold of popular culture. Creating "brands" of places. Example: Disneyland (Tokyo, Paris)
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Ten Types of Toponyms
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Descriptive, Associative, Commemorative, Commendatory, Incidents, Possession, Folk Culture, Manufactured, Mistakes, Shift Names
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How do Languages Diffuse?
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-human interaction, print distribution, migration, trade, rise of nation states, colonialism
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Jones
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Likened greek, latin and sanskrit. Suggested existence of Proto-Indo European language
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Grimm
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Came up with the idea that consonants become softer in a similar way in related languages
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Illich-Svitych & Dolgopolsky
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independently developed Nostratic language
